Should Abortion Be Illegal - 1142 Words

Madison Bobe Mrs. Monts Enriched English II 25 April 2015 Should Abortion Be Illegal? Thousands of women in the world have abortions. â€Å" Since the 1970’s, abortion has been a very controversial issue throughout the United States. Anti-Abortion and pro choice organizations often express their differences of opinion in lawful demonstrations† (Andryszewski 10).Think of it this way, all of the fetuses are in life or death situations. Their mother is choosing whether or not she wants to keep them or abort them. The children that are getting aborted will never get the chance to live. The children that are aborted will never get a choice.They will never get to go through all of the good, and even the bad, times of life. Life is a blessing, and everyone should get the chance to live their life. Women who just don’t want a child, or even women who have been raped, are wanting abortions all throughout America. Whatever the reason for the abortion, the pregnant woman should not have the choice of taking a life that they created. There are reasons and ot her options why women should not get abortions. Abortions should be illegal because these women are murdering a child that is unborn, it could be harmful to women, and if not always, then almost always, women have the choice of adoption. Reason one for not getting an abortion is that women are having someone murder their child that is unborn. â€Å" The baby’s heartbeat starts at around 12 to 18 days, so it’s murder to kill someone withShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Illegal?859 Words   |  4 PagesThousands of women decide to have an abortion each year. An abortion is when a mother decides that they do not want to continue their pregnancy so they terminate the baby/fetus. Abortion is just another term for murder. The baby is an innocent human being who does not get a say about whether or not they want to be born. There are usually two ways that an abortion can occur: a pill or surgery. Abortions affect not only the immediate family, but also their relatives. Abo rtions come with many physical and emotionalRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Illegal Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is widely debated across the world and in 1973 Roe v. Wade would start an issue with ethical and legal issues. There are multiple cases arguing why it should or shouldn’t be lawful to go through with this procedure. Women should have the right to get an abortion as It is her rights to decide if they aren’t able to be able have a child, the woman shouldn’t have to rely on anyone else, she should be able to make this decision as they have to carry it for 9 months and endure the physical painRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal?899 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion is a very invasive and tragic medical procedure that is used to terminate a pregnancy and ultimately end an innocent life that is known as the unborn fetus or baby and should be illegal. This medical procedure consists of in most cases regrettable choices and an emotional toile on a person’s life that cannot be undone. Abortion should be illegal because it’s sending a very negative message to the younger generation that being promiscuous and making bad decisions can have almost no responsibilityRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal?1930 Words   |  8 PagesJacqueline Naour 9th Hour â€Å"Abortion does not make you un-pregnant, it makes you the mother of a dead baby†-Jacqueline Naour. Before researching this report I did not really think about how they kill the child or how the abortion actually occurs, so I did not really think much of it or know it was such a bad thing. As I have written this report I realized that it is honestly one of the worst things I’ve ever read about and should be illegal without question. Abortion should be illegal because it makes humanRead MoreAbortion Propaganda: Abortion Should Be Illegal593 Words   |  2 PagesAbortion is murder no matter what a person believes ! There are many reasons abortion should be illegal . Think about The health threat to the mother after going through with the procedure as well as the lifelong health risks that remain , also the emotional damage that occurs . Personally I’m against abortion and you should be as well . Many may not know that abortion can be a threat to a women’s health because all they see or choose to see is the reason why she is going through with the procedureRead MoreEssay Abortions Should Be Illegal1264 Words   |  6 PagesWhy are abortions legal? Do the doctors enjoy killing the babies since they can’t fight back or protect themselves? Do you know what the doctors do to the child when they are giving an abortion? Abortions are wrong and should be illegal around the world or at least in the United States. Abortions should be illegal; an abortion kills a human being that cannot fight back. How would you like if someone pulled you out of bed and duct taped your mouth shut, then just cut off your head? I don’t thinkRead MoreAbortion Should Be Illegal 3768 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION SHOULD BE ILLEGAL Jenny Martinez Mrs.Cholish American History I 12/16/10 Jenny Martinez Mrs. Cholish American History I 12/16/10 Abortion Should be Illegal Abortion is no different than murder no matter when a person believes a human life becomes official. This controversy will remain for centuries, but in no country should it be legal. The fact that a potential life has ended before given a chance is murder. Most people agree thatRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal? Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesthink abortion should be illegal and the choice of women to choose what to do about their own bodies and pregnancies is being considered getting taken away from them? Abortion is a medical procedure that terminates pregnancy. It is usually done during the first twelve months of pregnancy, called the first trimester. Abortion has been legal ever since 1973 after the Roe v. Wade court case. This court case overturned all state laws in the United States restricting a woman’s access to abortion proceduresRead MoreAbortion Is Unsafe And Should Be Illegal1487 Words   |  6 Pagescould you do this to me ¨. Abortion is a horrific experie nce, that no one should ever endure. I am Pro-Life because of the consequences for mothers, the availability of adoption instead of abortion, and finally the Pro-Life movements in America. First I d like to talk about the consequences for mothers. This is a big reason why I think abortion is unsafe and should be illegal. The first thing I want to address is the mental state of the mothers who have had an abortion. Most times the mental stateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal Or Illegal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesissues is abortion. Abortion has been around at almost every point in American history. Consequently, since the Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade there have been approximately 57,762,169 abortions in America (â€Å"Are You†). This raises the question of should abortion be legal or illegal, and is this immoral or moral to do? The decision to have an abortion can be a difficult time in a woman’s life, but is not a moral way to end a pregnancy. Abortion in the United States should be illegal because of

Introduction to E-Commerce Transactions of Goods

Question: Describe about the Introduction to E-Commerce for Transactions of Goods. Answer: Introduction The Iconic is an online retailing website that deals in sale of clothes and brands. E-commerce is an online emerging trend that is used by many people for the purchase of product. Website plays an important role in transaction of goods. The website that is used for online transaction should be attractive as well should include all the information of the product (Andam 2014). The website should also be free from the bugs and spams in order to attract as many customers as it can. The author in this report states the features of the website and states the advantages and disadvantages of the website. It further answers the question regarding the Australian e commerce website as to in which stage is the website working. Overview of the website and its features The author has chosen an online retailing website that deals in selling of cloths and other fashion accessories. The online retailer deals in both men and women fashion cloths and accessories. The website has different categories that include the men and women clothing. The website also includes the names of the brand of clothes, shoes and accessories that the company sells to its customers. It contains all the information of the product such as price, warranty if applicable, delivery time, color and the materials that it is made of. The website also contains the contact information of the company in order to solve the query of the customer that they face (Theiconic.com.au. 2016). Positive and negative aspects of website The website has both the positive and negative aspects. The home page of the website is simple and easy to understand. The positive aspect of the website is that it contains all the information regarding the product, contact information of the company and the brand it deals with. The negative aspect is that the website is not accessible unless and until the consumer downloads an application in their smart phones. The company deals with the customers of only Australia. The website is very attractive and the picture quality of the product is also very nice. This is helpful to attract larger customers. The website includes the information of the product regarding the color, size and the time that it will take to deliver the product in a particular area. The website also guides the customer to choose the size by providing the detailed information (Webprofits.com.au. 2016). The drawback is that many customers have complained of the problem of virus and bugs while downloading the applicati on. The company also does not provide an option as to whether cash on delivery is acceptable for any product. A consumer will be able to purchase the product from the website only of they have created the mail id of the company. Question one: E-commerce stages Stages of e-commerce website are: Exposure stage Interaction stage E-commerce stage E- Business stage. A website is said to be in exposure stage where the consumer or the client uses the website to extract information of the organization (Hartono et al. 2014). A website is said to be in interaction stage where the consumers and the sellers use the website for communicating with each other. It is basically a website that is used for the interaction. E- Commerce is the stage where the website is used as the economic bloodline of the company. It is a stage that enables the customers to purchase the product and sellers sell the product. The sellers use internet to sell its products and the products are available through website to the customers. The customers can purchase the products from the internet as well as the website infrastructure. A website is said to be in e- business stage where the customers can use the website for the communication as well as the transaction of goods. The internet is used to redesign the internal processes and change the operational efficiency of the website (Huang and Benyoucef 2013). The Iconic website is said to be in e-commerce stage as the company to the consumers uses to the website for the transaction of goods. The consumers to purchase clothes, shoes and other accessories use internet. Since the website has already been launched, it cannot be in exposure stage. It is also not on interaction stage, as the website cannot be used for communication. It can be categorized in e commerce stage as it is used for the transaction of goods (Turban et al. 2015). Question two: E-commerce implementation strategy E-commerce means selling and purchasing of goods. E commerce requires a sophisticated knowledge of purchase, internet, payment, software and others. An attractive and simple website creation is the initial stage for the implementation of the e commerce strategy (Da Costa 2016). The quality of the website should be created attractively and professionally for the better management of the business. E commerce is not just about setting a website of the company. maintenance and timely update of the website is the key factor for the business to run successfully. Management of the inventory, sales, payment and security is essential. The website so created should be simple and easy to understand. It should also be free from spams, bugs and other fraud information. The consumer should get attracted to the website on the first site itself. E commerce implementation strategy should consider all the services of the websites into account. The iconic website should also consider its services and t ake them into account for the update (Mohapatra 2013). Conclusion Hence, E-commerce is selling and buying of goods and services to customers. There three stages of e-commerce business that are exposure stage, interaction stage, and e-commerce stage. The Iconic that is an online retailer of cloths and fashion accessory is in e commerce stage. The Australians to purchasing fashion brands use the website. It is essential for the website to be of high quality and professionally developed in order to manage the work efficiently. References Andam, Z.R., 2014. e-Commerce and e-Business. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Google Books. (2016).Managing E-commerce in Business. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id - [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Hartono, E., Holsapple, C.W., Kim, K.Y., Na, K.S. and Simpson, J.T., 2014. Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation.Decision Support Systems,62, pp.11-21. Huang, Z. and Benyoucef, M., 2013. From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), pp.246-259. Mohapatra, S., 2013. E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Theiconic.com.au. (2016).THE ICONIC Delivery | THE ICONIC Shipping Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.theiconic.com.au/shipping-policy/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015.Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. Webprofits.com.au. (2016).A review of THE ICONIC's online marketing strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.webprofits.com.au/blog/the-iconic/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].

STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PAREN

STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PARENTS Researchers at the University of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social service professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three to six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is video-taped and later analyzed. The researchers have developed a system which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in disciplinary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. "It's a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behaviour," explains Oldershaw. As a result of their work, Walters and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. 'Harsh/intrusive' mothers are excessively harsh and constantly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedient child. A 'covert/hostile' mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant attacks on the child's self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage his mothe r's attention and win her approval. An 'emotionally detached' mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the child's activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics which set him apart from other children. In order to put together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother/child interaction and their perception and feelings. For instance, Walters and Oldershaw take into account the mother's sense of herself as a parent and her impression of her child. The researchers also try to determine the child's perception of himself or herself and of the parent. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for parents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior towa rd her child. One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents. "Recidivism rates for abusive care-givers are high," says Walters. "To a large extent, abusive parents which require a variety of treatment. " Their research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Contact: Gary Walters (416)978-7814 Lynn Oldershaw (416)978-3528

Life on the Line essays

Life on the Line essays For thousands of years, and generations upon generations, humans have faced decisions of life and death. Many times these decisions are based upon religion, superstition, and politics. Now we come to a junction in the social evolution of man, where we have the ability to take giant steps forward in the development of medicine and we stumble with our resolve to help everyone, based on ideologies of religion, ethics and politics. I would like to ask why, the full funding of stem cell research by the U.S. government should not proceed. In order to achieve the great breakthroughs in curing many diseases burdening all societies throughout the world, shouldnt we continue experimentation? Should we expect financial help from the federal government? In a report by B.A. Robinson, a stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Research using stem cells has been authorized in Britain, but was halted in the U.S. by President George W. Bush. Bush decided on 2001-AUG-9 to allow research to start again in government labs, but restricted research to use only existing lines of stem cells. Research continues in U.S. private labs and in both government and private labs in the UK, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries. In an article for Newsweek by Sharon Begley, there appears to be three main sources for stem cells. "Spare embryos" embryos leftover after a couple's in-vitro fertilization procedure is completed ...

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra show a marked sensitivity to such important features of chemical structure as carbon hybridization, the electronegativity of heteroatoms, branching and steric crowding. Potentially, CMR is an extremely rich source of structural data in organic chemistry, capable of rivaling or even surpassing proton magnetic resonance. In the research proposed here, we intend to develop this potential in the field of steroid chemistry. The factors which determine the CMR spectra of steroids are only modestly well understood. We have begun, and propose here to continue, a systematic study of families of closely-related steroids (keto- and hydroxy-androstanes and cholestanes) with the conviction that only through such a systematic study can the basic factors governing the CMR spectra of steroids be brought to light. We intend to quantify those factors as predictive rules which relate spectra to structures and to develop computerized methods for using t hose rules to extract structural information from the CMR spectra of unknown steroids. We also propose to develop several chemical methods (derivatization procedures) for augmenting the information-content of such spectra. Within the last twenty years, the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance†2 (NMR) has evolved from little more than a laboratory curiosity to one of the most powerful analytical tools in chemistry. The experiment itself consists of observing, in an applied magnetic field, the resonance frequencies (in the radio-frequency range) of magnetic nuclei in a liquid chemical sample. The analysis of NMR spectra yields chemical shifts and coupling constants which reflect, respectively, the chemical environments of and the bonding or spatial relationships between atoms whose nuclei are magnetic. Because protons are magnetic, interacting particularly strongly with electromagnetic fields, and because they are present in virtually all organic compounds, proton NMR (PMR) has found broad usefulness in organic chemistry. The literature on PMR spectroscopy is huge, and frequently it is found that PMR spectra yield chemical information which would be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by an y other method. The determination of structure and conformation, 394 the analysis of mixtures, 435 the study of rate processes6 and the elucidation of reaction mechanisms 7 have all been aided substantially by PMR techniques. Other nuclei frequently observed via NMR are F-19, P-31 and C-13. The first two are not common inorganic compounds and are thus used for more specialized studies. Carbon, by definition, occurs in all organic molecules, but only about 1isotope C-13. This, together with the fact that C-13 nuclei are almost two orders of magnitude less sensitive than protons to the NMP experiment, has hampered the widespread use of C-13 NMR (CMR) as an analytical tool for organic chemists. However, recent instrumental 8 advances such as pulsed Fourier transform techniques and 9-l 1 noise-modulated proton decoupling have made it possible to obtain natural-abundance CMR spectra of even large molecules (e.g., steroids) or low-concentration (ca. 0.05 M) samples within a reasonably short time (0.5 10 hr.). The research to date 12 indicates that C-13 chemical shifts (which constitute the primary data usually collected in the CMR experiment) cover a broad range (ca. 200 p.p.m.) relative to H-l shifts (ca. 10 – P.P.m.1, and are highly sensitive to hybridization, the electronegativity of substituents, branching, and steric crowding. Thus CMR spectroscopy is pote ntially a rich and highly useful source of structural data. As further advances in instrumental design take place, CMR spectroscopy will become an increasingly available and informative tool in organic chemistry. OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE The research proposed herein is directed toward understanding the factors which determine C-13 chemical shifts in steroids and toward developing computer-based methods whereby a chemist can obtain structural information from spectra of unknown steroids. This class of compounds was chosen for two reasons. First, the steroid skeleton is more or less rigid, providing a relatively controlled framework within which to study the effects of steric hindrance and other geometrical factors upon C-13 shifts. Second, a great fraction of steroid and natural products chemistry involves the identification or verification of steroid structures, and thus we expect our results to be of significant practical utility. At the current level of understanding of C-13 chemical shifts, it is not now possible to predict the CMR spectrum of a given steroid with much certainty, although by referring to simple model systems, one can often rationalize the signs and general magnitudes of the spectral changes which take place when the nature and position of substituents are altered. It is now a challenging problem simply to assign the spectrum of a known steroid, that is to identify which observed peaks belong to which carbons. The first definitive study of the CMR of steroids was presented only four years ago by Roberts et al. 13 – In that report, the assigned spectra of nearly thirty assorted steroids are presented, with the assignment task accomplished ’I using specific single- frequency and off-resonance proton decoupling, hydroxyl acetylation effects on chemical shifts, deuteration, and substituent influences in analogous -6- compounds.† Since then, several other authors 14 have reported research on the CMR of steroids, but only recently has the systematic study 15,16 of families of closely related steroids begun. We have reported 16 the assigned spectra of fourteen keto-substituted androstanes and cholestanes, where the keto group occupies every possible position around the skeleton. We are currently collecting data on a similar series of hydroxy-substituted steroids, and work is also in 17 progress on the series of steroids containing one endocyclic double-bond. The initial stage or our proposed research is to complete the hydroxyl series and to obtain the CMR spectra of several bifunctional (e.g., dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy) steroids. With such a collection of systematic data available, we will be able to study the influence upon C-13 shifts of these three types of functionality, alone and in combination, which are by far the most common types occur-ing in natural steroids. From these data, we expect to be able to extract rules which will allow the accurate prediction of CNR spectra of steroids containing these groups. Zffrcher’*-20 has derived an extremely useful set of rules relating skeletal substitutions in steroids to changes in the PMR shifts of protons in angular methyl groups. The C-13 rules we seek will relate not only to angular methyl groups but to all carbons in the skeleton, and will thus provide a great deal more information than the Zircher rules. These CNK rules will also form the base for our proposed work in the computerized interpretation of CNR data (vide infra). – As the second portion of our work, we propose a study of reversible derivatization procedures which will aid in the assignment of the spectra of known steroids, and in the analysis of the spectra of unknown -7- steroids. Roberts and co-workers 13 have found that acetylation of a hydroxyl group in a steroid produces characteristic changes, due primarily to steric effects, in the shifts of carbons close to that group. They have used this effect in assigning such shifts. We propose to study the effects of other hydroxyl-group derivatives, specifically, the 2,4,6- trimethylbenzene (benzoates themselves, in our hands, have not shown any advantages over acetates), trifluoroacetate and the trimethylsilyl ether. These derivatives have different steric and electronic properties than do acetates, and should thus produce different patterns of spectral change, providing a convenient means of augmenting the information-content of ordinary CMR spectra. We also propose to observe the C-13 shift changes which take place upon cyclic ketalization of carbonyl groups, and we expect that such changes will be useful in determining the local environment of keto groups on steroids. It has been found 21,22 that the presence of a paramagnetic complexing agent (e.g., a †lanthanide shift† reagent) causes large changes in C-13 chemical shifts of alcohols and ketones. These changes can be related to the geometry of the complex, which reflects the geometry of the Alcohol or ketone itself. We intend to explore the use of such shift-reagents in assisting the interpretation of steroidal CHR spectra. Of particular interest will be the difference between JA- and p-hydroxy steroids: It is expected that the grossly different steric environments of axial vs. equatorial hydroxyl groups will have a pronounced effect upon the geometry of the complex, and thus, very different lanthanide shift patterns should result. If so, the effect should provide a convenient means for distinguishing the stereochemistry of sterols. -8- A third facet of the proposed research involves the development of computerized techniques for automatically extracting structural information from CMR spectra. This represents a logical growth of our Heuristic DENDRAL project, 23-28 an eight-year joint effort between our laboratories and the Departments of Genetics and Computer Science. The purpose of the project is to develop applications of heuristic programming (†artificial intelligence†) to problems in chemical inference, with the bulk of the effort directed toward the computerized interpretation of mas s-spectroscopic (MS) data. In the early DENDRAL research, 24,25 only saturated, acyclic, monofunctional compounds were treated, but we have recently reported the successful identification of the structures cf estrogenic steroids 25 (and mixtures thereof 27 ) via the computerized interpretation of MS data. As the complexity of compound classes has increased, we have felt a growing need for sources of structural data other than MS. CMR data show a sensitivity to stereochemistry and substituent placement which complements, rather than duplicates, MS-derived information, and thus CMR is the ideal candidate. We have demonstrated 28 the feasibility of using CMR data in automated structure analysis. Using a detailed and accurate set of predictive rules 29 for saturated, acyclic amines, we have constructed a computer program which can †reason out† the structure of such an amine, starting from its empirical formula and CMR spectrum. A similar effort is proposed for the steroids (at least, those containing endocyclic double bonds, carbonyl groups and hydroxyl substituents) in which structural information would be inferred from CMR data using accurate predictive rules. This information could then be integrated with the results obtained from derivatization or special CMR techniques, 9- and (if necessary) from MS analysis to yield possible structures. Not only would such a system have substantial utility, but it would represent an important advance in the †state of the art† in both CMR spectroscopy and chemical information-processing. A. CMR Spectra of Steroids We plan to complete the series of sterols by synthesizing [emailprotected], [emailprotected], 74-, 9+, lbc-, 14ti-, 16x- and 176- androstanols or cholestanols, whose CMR spectra (pulsed Fourier-transform spectra, obtained at 25 Mhz. using noise modulated proton decoupling) will be recorded and assigned. We have worked out likely synthetic pathways for the preparation of these using commonly accepted procedures and starting from compounds available in our laboratories. In order to test the extent of additivity relationships and of various interactions of substituents, we shall similarly synthesize and record the spectra of two or three dozen dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy androstanes and cholestanes. The candidates chosen will depend upon the results of the analysis of the monofunctional steroids. Using statistical procedures similar to those of Dalling and Grant, 30 and of Lindeman and Adams, 31 we shall attempt to correlate s/structural variables with chemical shifts, the goal being the derivation of an accurate set of substituent parameters for steroids. In assessing the effects of steric crowding and skeletal distortion, we plan to utilize a computerized, classical-mechanical model of the molecular structure, such as the Westheimer-type models recently reviewed by Schleyer. B. Derivatization We propose to analyze the changes in C-13 shifts which take place when the hydroxyl group in several of the above androstanols and cholestanols is derivatized to the 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, trifluoroacetate and trimethylsilyl ether. We propose similarly to investigate the effects of ketalizing (with ethylene glycol) several androstenone and cholestanones. We propose to analyze the effects of lanthanide shift reagents (in varying concentrations) upon the CMR spectra of several of the hydroxy- and keto-steroids, with particular emphasis upon pairs of sterols which differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group. These investigations will be directed toward the development of a repertoire of non-destructive, chemical methods for increasing the ’information available from CMR spectra. C. Computerized Interpretation of CMR data There are three phases to our proposed research in this area, all of which will make use of the heuristic programming techniques developed in our DENDRAL project. First, we intend to develop a program to assist in the assignment of spectra obtained in; arts A and B, using currently available techniques (i.e., using rules for acyclic systems together with analogies from appropriate model systems). The purpose here is twofold: On one hand, such a program will hasten a time-consuming procedure (in our work, the assignment of spectra requires about as much time as the preparation of samples and the recording of spectra, combined), while on the other hand, it will provide a context within which to develop techniques applicable to the more difficult problem of structure identification. Specifically, we will need methods for express; ing CMR rules as efficient computer code, and for deciding whether a good, unambiguous fit occurs between predicted and observed data. Secondly, we intend to u tilize the rules derived in part A, together with derivatization information from B, to write what is called a †planning† program in the DENDRAL terminology. Such a program is designed to examine the spectrum of an unknown and, referring to a set of heuristics, to attempt to verify the presence or absence of specific structural features in the unknown. Whereas the predictive rules allow one to predict a spectrum from a given structure, the heuristics represent transformations of the rules which allow one to infer structural information from a given spectrum. The primary challenge in constructing the planning program will be the design of heuristics which are as informative as possible, yet which run efficiently. This program will be a useful analytic tool in itself and will be used in the third phase of our proposed research. This third phase will involve merging the planning program with the existing DENDRAL system, which analyzes MS data for steroids. Modifications will be made to the structure generation program, which can construct all possible sets of acyclic substituents from a given set of atoms and attach those substituents in all possible ways to a given cyclic skeleton. The structure generator now makes use of IISplanner information, constructing only those steroids which are consistent with it. We shall modify the algorithm to make use of the output from both the MS and the CMR planners, and shall extend the algorithm to consider questions of stereochemistry, which are currently ignored. We believe that the augmented DENDRAL s ystem will have the capacity to identify, unambiguously, the structures of a wide variety of steroids using information from just these two spectroscopic sources. The programs will be written in the LISP language, and will thus be compatible with the rest of the DENDRAL system. Computer time on the PDP-10 will be provided through the NIH-funded SUMEX facility at Stanford, and we request no support in this proposal for computer facilities. Programs developed in our proposed research will be available to the scientific community over the ARPA computer network.

International Relations - Research Project with Outline Paper

International Relations - Project with Outline - Research Paper Example Periodically, a striving nuclear program pursued in Teheran during the year of 1970. As per the contemporaneous documents of US, it was apparently mentioned that the nuclear ambition of Iran was intensely focused on producing 10-20 nuclear power reactors and more than 20,000 megawatts of nuclear power by the year of 1994. The nuclear power of Iran was commenced as a light-water nuclear power reactor to be placed near the city of Bushehr. Effectively, uranium enrichment technology and producing nuclear weapons has also been instigated in the city of Teheran1. There are certain reasons that can be identified behind embarking nuclear programs within the countries. According to the present scenario, the global countries seek to adopt the nuclear programs for effective and instant security and thereby protect it from external security threats. Furthermore, the nuclear programs adopted by countries are often considered as an establishment of apparent coercions and distrust within the global environment which in turn increases the threat of global sustainability by a considerable extent2. The leadership phenomenon of Iran has been consistently taking place in international debates concerning its nuclear ambition. It is in this context that several well-argued statements in relation to Iran’s acquisition of nuclear programs have been commented by various national as well as international leaders. With this concern, the problem can be identified apparently referring to the steps of nuclear ambition taken by Iran with its international relationships. For instance, the unidentifiable effects of nuclear hostilities are also regarded as an important aspect for giving rise to security concerns amid other countries. The strapping international pressure forced Iran to provisionally freeze the uranium fortification activities and to develop the inspection of its nuclear power organising alliances with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the year 20033. The

Journal Article Critques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journal Article Critques - Essay Example The study also established that the concepts between childhood obesity varied significantly from one region to another. There seems to be no consensus on the available body of knowledge on the subject of obesity and overweight in children. The study also acknowledges the difficulties involved in reaching an international consensus regarding the terms to be used in the definition of obesity and overweight among children. According to the study, some general terms have been used in the definition although there seems to specific differences even within the common terms. The study cites the example of Body Mass Index (BMI), which is a standard measure of determining obesity. According to the study, this BMI determines the manner in which a particular study explores the levels of obesity within a particular context. The cit-off point in the BMI has often varied from the percentile points of 85th and 97th. The results from this study illustrate clearly the levels of conflict associated wi th the definition of obesity in children. However, the study seems to develop some points of general consensus between the various issues that tie on the matter of childhood obesity in children. ... hat it seems to anchor its assumptions on some of the already known effects of obesity in terms of how it affects the development of children matters. This may not add new knowledge to the nurse practitioner since the common definitions have been overly exhausted by the research arena. Variations in perceptions seem to attach to the specific aspects as included within the general factors of the definition. However, the broad definitions of obesity, according to the terms of this study, coalesce around some common points. Notably, this study comes out strongly by bringing into perspective some of the problematic issues that are related to the definition of obesity in children. It also makes the point about the need for increased research into the manifestation of obesity in children. This point is drawn from a general concern that the traditional definition of obesity has tended to curve out certain demographic factors while ignoring others. For instance, the term obesity has traditio nally been associated with certain age brackets, and people of some specific socio-economic statuses. On this score, this study challenges some of these assumptions by providing or suggesting an expansion on the frame of reference within which alternative and more comprehensive definitions of childhood obesity could be understood. Therefore, the article becomes an important mind opener and prepares the nurse practitioner for further research into the area of concern. The study conducted by Kumar (2012) sought to explore the prevalence, manifestation, interventions, and common challenges associated with obesity in children. The study identifies childhood obesity as a crisis of public health around the world. The study observes that the prevalence of childhood obesity has been on the rise in