Case Study : Barriers of Communication Essay

Barriers of communication are the complex of problems which appear during the conversation of people whose native language is different. Many years ago the problem did not exist, because people of different countries did not cooperate greatly and most people lived in the mono-linguistic communities. In the long run of time people all over the world started to travel, get education and work in other countries. Evidently, the importance of knowledge a foreign language is really great, because it solves many problems and opens wide opportunities. International business, world economics, scientific progress of the humanity and simple exchange of experience and knowledge is impossible without being good at foreign languages. Nevertheless, if one knows a foreign language, he will definitely have problems with it because of the linguistic barriers of communication. In spite of it, there are other forms of communication barriers and they do not depend on the mother tongue. There are physical barriers of communication which do not let people express their thoughts in a proper way. For example, there are disorders which influence people’s ability to speak and they have to communicate with the help of gestures. Then, deaf people also have problems with communication, because they do not hear anything and can read information from gestures. Then, there are professional barriers of communication. For example, every profession possesses a list of specific terms which are understandable only for the people of the same occupation. There are many types of barriers of communication which make the life of people complicated. Students who decide to research the problem of barriers of communication should investigate the problem in detail and understand what the kinds and the reasons of this phenomenon, what factors cause the existence of these barriers. If one wants to research a particular example of communication barriers, he will need to read a lot about the chosen case to find trustworthy information about it. One will need to read books and periodicals where the case is mentioned to be able to analyze it and draw the right conclusions. Students should present the cause and effect of the problem, offer good solutions to the problem occurred in the case under investigation. There are many reasons why interpersonal communications may fail. In many communications, the message may not be received exactly the way the sender intended and hence it is important that the communicator seeks feedback to check that their message is clearly understood. The skills of Active Listening, Clarification and Reflection may help but the skilled communicator also needs to be aware of the barriers to effective communication. There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misundersta nding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. Some common barriers to effective communication include: * The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms. * Emotional barriers and taboos. * Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. * Differences in perception and viewpoint. * Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. * Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. * Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents. * Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions. * Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings. A skilled communicator must be aware of these barriers and try to reduce their impact by continually checking understanding and by offering appropriate feedback. Most people would agree that communication between two individuals should be simple. It’s important to remember that there are differences between talking and communicating. When you communicate, you are successful in getting your point across to the person you’re talking to. When we talk, we tend to erect barriers that hinder our ability to communicate. There are seven of these types of barriers to effective communication. 1. Physical barriers are easy to spot – doors that are closed, walls that are erected, and distance between people all work against the goal of effective communication. While most agree that people need their own personal areas in the workplace, setting up an office to remove physical barriers is the first step towards opening communication. Many professionals who work in industries that thrive on collaborative communication, such as architecture, purposefully design their workspaces around an â€Å"open office† plan. This layout eschew s cubicles in favor of desks grouped around a central meeting space. While each individual has their own dedicated work space, there are no visible barriers to prevent collaboration with their co-workers. This encourages greater openness and frequently creates closer working bonds. 2. Perceptual barriers, in contrast, are internal. If you go into a situation thinking that the person you are talking to isn’t going to understand or be interested in what you have to say, you may end up subconsciously sabotaging your effort to make your point. You will employ language that is sarcastic, dismissive, or even obtuse, thereby alienating your conversational partner. Think of movie scenarios in which someone yells clipped phrases at a person they believe is deaf. The person yelling ends up looking ridiculous while failing to communicate anything of substance. 3. Emotional barriers can be tough to overcome, but are important to put aside to engage in conversations. We are often taught t o fear the words coming out of our own mouths, as in the phrase â€Å"anything you say can and will be used against you.† Overcoming this fear is difficult, but necessary. The trick is to have full confidence in what you are saying and your qualifications in saying it. People often pick up on insecurity. By believing in yourself and what you have to say, you will be able to communicate clearly without becoming overly involved in your emotions. 4. Cultural barriers are a result of living in an ever shrinking world. Different cultures, whether they be a societal culture of a race or simply the work culture of a company, can hinder developed communication if two different cultures clash. In these cases, it is important to find a common ground to work from. In work situations, identifying a problem and coming up with a highly efficient way to solve it can quickly topple any cultural or institutional barriers. Quite simply, people like results. 5. Language barriers seem pretty self-inherent, but there are often hidden language barriers that we aren’t always aware of. If you work in an industry that is heavy in jargon or technical language, care should be taken to avoid these words when speaking with someone from outside the industry. Without being patronizing, imagine explaining a situation in your industry to a child. How would you convey these concepts without relying on jargon? A clear, direct narrative is preferable to an incomprehensible slew of specialty terms. 6. Gender barriers have become less of an issue in recent years, but there is still the possibility for a man to misconstrue the words of a woman, or vice versa. Men and women tend to form their thoughts differently, and this must be taken into account when communicating. This difference has to do with how the brain of each sex is formed during gestation. In general, men are better at spatial visualization and abstract concepts such as math, while women excel at language-based thinking and emotional identification. However, successful professionals in highly competitive fields tend to have similar thought processes regardless of their gender. 7. Interpersonal barriers are what ultimately keep us from reaching out to each other and opening ourselves up, not just to be heard, but to hear others. Oddly enough, this can be the most difficult area to change. Some people spend their entire lives attempting to overcome a poor self-image or a series of deeply rooted prejudices about their place in the world. They are unable to form genuine connections with people because they have too many false perceptions blocking the way. Luckily, the cure for this is more communication. By engaging with others, we learn what our actual strengths and weaknesses are. This allows us to put forth our ideas in a clear, straightforward manner. Communication is not a one-way street. To have others open up to you, you must be open yourself. By overcoming these barriers to communication, you can ensure that the statement you are making is not just heard, but also understood, by the person you are speaking with. In this way, you can be confident that your point has been expressed. Case study writing requires accuracy, creativity and well-developed analytical skills. In order to cope with the assignment successfully, one will need a good example for writing. A free sample case study on physical barriers of communication will be a good source of data for every student, because experienced writers always research interesting questions and share their knowledge with young people. With the help of the Internet and free example case studies on barriers of business communication one will learn to compose properly-structured well-formatted papers of this type successfully. http://casestudyhub.com/case-study-on-barriers-of-communication/ – See more at: http://www.opin.ca/article/seven-barriers-communication#sthash.LMuGVzsq.dpuf Madaming problema ang nangyayari, pagdating sa pakikipagusap sa mga tao. Batay ka si sa nabasa namin, ang isa sa mga nagiging problema pagdating sa pakikipagkumunikasyon ay ang kakulangan sa kaalaman sa madaming lenggwahe. Sa panahon ngayun iba’t – ibang mga tao na ang ating nakakasalamuha o nakakausap sa ating paligid. Halimbawa, may isang ahente ng lupa ang nagaalok ng lupa sa isang dayuhang di naman sanay mag salita ng tagalog. Ngunit yun ahente di marunong magenglish. Paano sya nakakabenta ng lupa kung di nya makakausap ng maayos yun isang dayuhang may balak bumili ng lupa. Imbis na magkaroon sya ng cliyente, ay nawala pa dahil nahirapan itong makipagusap sakanya. Marami pa tayong makikitang problema. Isa pa dito kapag hirap umintindi ang kausap o may mahinang pandinig. Ang komunikasyon ang isa sa pinaka mahalagang katalinuhang pwede nating pag aralan. Sa pamamagitan kasi ng komunikasyon ay maipapakita o masasabi natin an gating nalalaman. Sa pamamagitan din nito ma ibabahagi natin ang ating nalalaman at ang ating nalalaman. Mas mabuti kung mas marami tayong nalalamang lengwahe o klase ng mga salita, dahil magagamit natin ito sa mga dadating na panahon o pagkailangan natin ito. At kapag nagpunta tayo sa iba’t – ibang bansa hindi na tayo mahihirapan pang kausapin sila. Pagdating naman sa business ang komunikasyon ang kailangan, dahil sa pamamagitan ng ating mga salita o sinasabi makukuha natin ang loob ng mga investors o mga mamimili. Sa pamamagitan ng komunikasyon makakausap natin ng maayos ang mga taong ating makakaharap. Sa ating bansa ang tagalog ang pangunahing lengwaheng ginagamit sa pakikipagusap. Pero sabi ng ilan ingles daw ang pangunahing lengwahe sa buong mundo. Sa aming nahanap may mga nakalagay doon na ilang klase ng problema sa komunikasyon. Sinabi doon na maraming klase ng problema. Solusyon Para maiwasan ang mga problema sa komunikasyon, dapat marunong tayo tumanggap ng pagkakamali. Maging mabuti tayong tagapakinig para hindi tayo mahirapan sa mga susunod na panahon. Intindihin natin ang posisyon ng aking kausap o tagapagsalita. Wag tayo masyadong mapagmataas matuto tayong making sa mga nagsasalita. Wag tayong matakot harapin ang mga problemang sumasagabal sa atin para makipagkomunikasyon. Reaksyon Maging bukas tayo sa lahat ng bagay. Maging maintindihin tayo. Mas okay kung babasahin natin ang mga bagay na ganyan, para malaman natin ang tama. Para na din sa aming mga future managers, dapat mas marunong kaming makinig para ganon din ang gawin samin ng aming mga kinakausap. Dapat naming matutunan ang mga bagay na nasabi sa taas, kasi dadating ang tamang panahon magagamit naming lahat iyun o mangyayari sa buhay naming yun. Makakaharap naming ang iba’t – ibang klase ng tao.

Anabolic Steriods Essay

Also known as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Commentary Informative speech on characteristics of Steroids, and what effects they have on the human body. General Purpose: To Inform. Specific Purpose: To present facts concerning the use of Steroids. Joshua Stone Introduction: I. ATTENTION GETTER: Let me ask you something; would you take a pill to get bigger and gain muscle in order to do more push-ups or sit-ups on PT Test? Would you give yourself a shot to become faster on your 2 mile run? Of course someone would if they wouldn’t get caught. Some would say that in our profession as a Soldier it is always based on â€Å"WHAT IS YOUR PT SCORE†. Not on how well you do your job, or lead Soldiers. Now if you said yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ask yourself if you would do either of these two things knowing that you are putting yourself at serious health risks. In recent report, The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) uncovered an alarming statistic: more than a half million students in the 8th and 10th grade are currently using some form of anabolic steroids. Retrieved from http:\www.steroidabuse.org. II. PREVIEW POINTS: a. HISTORICAL PRESPECTIVE: 1. Definition in scientific terms 2. Origins and when discovered b. WHAT STEROIDS ARE AND HAVE BEEN USED FOR c. WHO USES STEROIDS AND WHY d. THE POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS Body: I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: A. SCIENTIFIC DEFINTION: Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by the testes in men, is responsible for the androgenic (Masculizing, and the anabolic (Tissue building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. Charles Yesalis Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000. B. ORGINS: According to the reference test anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 2000, experimentation with synthetic steroids on animals and castrated men began as early as 1911, and by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically characterized, and the basic nature of its anabolic effects had become clear. It was shortly here after that oral and inject able preparations were made available to the medical community. II. WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED FOR: A. THERAPEUTIC AGENT 1. Delayed puberty in boys ages 15 and older 2. Impotence and male climacteric symptoms 3. To treat breast cancer in women 4. HIV/aids patients to increase appetite, strength, body mass, and improved sense of well being. B. VETERINARY APPLICATION 1. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are widely used in veterinary medicine 2. Given to cattle to increase the rate of weight gain and improve feed efficiency. 3. Improve the performance of race horses. C. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUG 1. The use of steroids by humans to enhance physical performance. They were apparently first used in WWII, according to William Taylor, M.D., in his  book Hormonal Manipulation, â€Å"steroids were said to have been administered to Nazi Troops in order to make them more aggressive and less fearful of violence. 2. It was in the next few decades that Steroids began to play a prominent role in Sports and Athletics. The muscle building effect of steroids has caused them to be widely used by body builders and other Athletes III. WHO USES STEROIDS NOW AND WHY The use of steroids to improve performance, strength, and size, is unregulated and illegal. This however does not stop people who wish to use the drug in this manner from obtaining it. â€Å"Use of Anabolic Steroids began with elite competitive athletes, but today it includes even high school students who are taking anabolic steroids for cosmetic purposes.† Kuhn C. Swartzwelder. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training A. WHO 1. Athletes, men and women in almost all sports 2. Professional Athletes 3. College Athletes 4. High school Athletes 5. Olympic Sports 6. Bodybuilders B. WHY 1. Performance enhancing qualities 2. Warped self image 3. Self esteem issues 4. Dependency IV. THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STEROID USE A. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: (Directly related to the actual doses consumed or injected: relatively low or extremely large amounts.) 1. â€Å"Beneficial† a. Increased Strength, b. Increased Muscle and body mass. 2. Adverse (Range from mild to severe) MILD a. Acne b. High Blood Pressure c. Liver Damage d. Disturbed sleeping patterns e. Baldness f. Testicular Atrophy g. Abnormal breast enlargements SEVERE a. Liver Damage b. Liver Cancer c. Cardiac Disease d. Heart Attack B. PHSCHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS 1. Increased Self – Esteem 2. Addiction and Psychological dependency 3. Tendency towards hostility and violence 4. Extreme fluctuations in mood 5. Increased energy level 6. Increased ability to train with greater mental intensity 7. Uncontrollable temper characterized by â€Å"Explosive† aggressive behavior CONCLUSION I. Review main Points A. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: 1. Scientific Definition: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are synthetic derivatives or testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by testes in men, is responsible for the androgenic (masculizing), and the anabolic (tissue-building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. 2. ORGINS: When first discovered by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically charactized, and the basic natural of its anabolic effects had become clear. B. WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STERIODS USED FOR 1. As a Therapeutic agent for medical patients 2. Administered to animals for veterinary application, as a means to increase size and efficiency of cattle and other farm animals, and also to improve the performance of race horses. 3. As a Performance Enhancing Drug, unrelated and illegally used by athletes. C. WHO USES STEROIDS AND WHY 1. Bodybuilders and other athletes 2. Because of the muscle building effect that anabolic-androgenic steroids produce D. THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STERIOD USE 1. Physiological 2. Psychological FINAL ATTENTION GETTER: We as human society and as Americans are a culture that thrives on competition and being the best but remember Cheaters Never Win and Winners Never Cheat. So we might not always be the best but remember we are what the best wanna be. Bibliography: 1. www.steroidabuse.org 2. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 by Charles Yesalis 3. Taylor, W.N. Hormonal Manipulation: A new Area of Monstrous Athletes. 1985, McFarland and Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London. 4. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder. Anabolic Steroids Also known as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) ATTENTION GETTER: Now let me ask you something would you take a pill to get bigger and gain muscle in order to do more push-ups or sit-ups on PT Test, or How about giving yourself a shot to become faster on your 2 mile run. Of course some would. We all know how everything in our profession as a Soldier is always based on â€Å"WHAT IS YOUR PT SCORE†. Not on how well you do your job, or lead Soldiers. Now if you said yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ask yourself if you would do either of these two things knowing that you are putting yourself at serious health risks. In recent report, The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) uncovered an alarming statistic: more than a half million students in the 8th and 10th grade are currently using some form of anabolic steroids. Commentary I will be informing you on characteristics of Steroids, and what effects they have on the human body. Today I will be covering Historical Perspective: Which will also include the Definition in scientific terms Origins and when steroids were discovered, What Steroids are and have been used for, Who uses Steroids and why What the potential Physiological and Psychological effects it can have on the Human Body 1. The definition of an Anabolic-androgenic steroids, are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by the testes in men, Is responsible for the androgenic (Masculizing, and the anabolic (Tissue building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. Charles Yesalis. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 Origin of Steroids According to the (reference test anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 2000), experimentation with synthetic steroids on animals and castrated men began as early as 1911, and by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically characterized, and the basic nature of its anabolic effects had become clear. It was shortly here after in 1937 that oral and inject able preparations were made available to the  medical community. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE. â€Å"The history of synthetic testosterone†. Scientific American 272, 1995. NOW THEY WE HAVE JUST DISCUSSED THE DEFINTION WITH A BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT WE WILL MOVE TO MY NEXT POINT..ANABOLIC STERIODS AND WHAT THEY ARE USED FOR. ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED for several different reasons and uses like: THERAPEUTIC AGENT Delayed puberty in boys ages 15 and older Impotence and male climacteric symptoms To treat breast cancer in women HIV/aids patients to increase appetite, strength, body mass, and improved sense of well being. VETERINARY APPLICATION Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are widely used in veterinary medicine and also given to the cattle to increase the rate of weight gain and improve feed efficiency. It’s also used to improve the performance of race horses. Performance enhancing side of the drug is the use of steroids by humans to enhance physical performance. They were apparently first used in WWII, according to William Taylor, M.D., in his book Hormonal Manipulation, â€Å"steroids were said to have been administered to Nazi Troops in order to make them more aggressive and less fearful of violence. It was in the next few decades that Steroids began to play a prominent role in Sports and Athletics. With the muscle building effect of steroids which has caused them to be widely used by body builders and other Athletes. The use of steroids to improve the performance, strength, and size, is unregulated and is illegal. But this however does not stop people who wish to use the drug in this manner from obtaining it. â€Å"Use of Anabolic Steroids began with elite competitive athletes, but today it includes even high school students who are taking anabolic steroids for cosmetic purposes.† (Stated in Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder) Some of the personnel that are prime targets for using Steroids are Athletes, Men and women in almost all sports including Professional Athletes, College Athletes, High school Athletes in the Olympic Sports and of course Bodybuilders. So you might ask yourself why they do it, and why not stay natural but some of the Performance enhancing qualities are warped self image, self esteem issues, dependency. So let’s talk about some of the potential effects of Steroid use The first would be the Physiological effect: that is directly related to the actual doses (Consumed or injected: relatively low or extremely large amounts.) Now there can be some â€Å"Beneficial† effects that we all know and this is Increased Strength, Increased Muscle and body mass. Now there are some Adverse effects that Range from mild to severe to include but not all Some of the MILD effects are Acne High Blood Pressure Liver Damage Disturbed sleeping patterns Baldness Testicular Atrophy Abnormal breast enlargements Some of the more SEVERE effects can arrange from but not all Liver Damage Liver Cancer Cardiac Disease Heart Attack On the Psychological aspect there can be alterations to the Physical and mental state of the body. Increased Self – Esteem Addiction and Psychological dependency Tendency towards hostility and violence Extreme fluctuations in mood Increased energy level Increased ability to train with greater mental intensity Uncontrollable temper characterized by â€Å"Explosive† aggressive behavior FINAL ATTENTION GETTER: We as human society and as Americans are a culture that thrives on competition and being the best but remember Cheaters Never Win and Winners Never Cheat. So we might not always be the best but remember we are what the best wanna be. Bibliography: 1. www.steroidabuse.org 2. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 by Charles Yesalis 3. Taylor, W.N. Hormonal Manipulation: A new Area of Monstrous Athletes. 1985, McFarland and Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London. 4. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder.

Critical Response

Order and chaos take the shape of Nurse Ratchet and Randal McCarthy, rest fictively. The battle is really simply a tug of war, with control hanging in the balance. Before M zymurgy arrives to the ward, Big Nurse has total control. Broaden explains her control by call Eng her, essentially, a machine. He narrates, â€Å"practice has steadied and strengthened her unitI now she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hairline wires too small for anybody odds eye but mine† (16). The use of machinery to explain her control shows how precise It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the other hand, is chaotic. However, he too is striving for control by rest ;sting authority. Perhaps because of his history in the Korean War, McCarthy feels the nee d to rebel against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself somewhat of an a authoritative Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. Unlike Ratchet, McCarthy Is a figure of h pope and not of monotonous scheduling. This is most apparent when McCarthy takes on his o win form of therapy session by taking the men on a fishing trip. In doing so, he made people like George feel needed, and for Chief, â€Å"l smelt the air and felt the four cans of beer I'd drunk shortly g out dozens of control leads down inside me: all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the sun† (209).Musher's tactics were much more therapeutic than anything Nor SE Ratchet did for these men, because McCarthy made them feel like men. The concept of gender and control also affects the relationship between McCarthy a ND Ratchet. Keyes, in a modernly sexist fashion, uses the male figure to represent auto rite. In the beginning of the novel, Broaden narrates how Ratchet would try to cover up her bread SST because they were an imperfection they symbolize femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the Critical Response Order and chaos take the shape of Nurse Ratchet and Randal McCarthy, rest fictively. The battle is really simply a tug of war, with control hanging in the balance. Before M zymurgy arrives to the ward, Big Nurse has total control. Broaden explains her control by call Eng her, essentially, a machine. He narrates, â€Å"practice has steadied and strengthened her unitI now she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hairline wires too small for anybody odds eye but mine† (16). The use of machinery to explain her control shows how precise It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the other hand, is chaotic. However, he too is striving for control by rest ;sting authority. Perhaps because of his history in the Korean War, McCarthy feels the nee d to rebel against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself somewhat of an a authoritative Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. Unlike Ratchet, McCarthy Is a figure of h pope and not of monotonous scheduling. This is most apparent when McCarthy takes on his o win form of therapy session by taking the men on a fishing trip. In doing so, he made people like George feel needed, and for Chief, â€Å"l smelt the air and felt the four cans of beer I'd drunk shortly g out dozens of control leads down inside me: all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the sun† (209).Musher's tactics were much more therapeutic than anything Nor SE Ratchet did for these men, because McCarthy made them feel like men. The concept of gender and control also affects the relationship between McCarthy a ND Ratchet. Keyes, in a modernly sexist fashion, uses the male figure to represent auto rite. In the beginning of the novel, Broaden narrates how Ratchet would try to cover up her bread SST because they were an imperfection they symbolize femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the Critical Response Order and chaos take the shape of Nurse Ratchet and Randal McCarthy, rest fictively. The battle is really simply a tug of war, with control hanging in the balance. Before M zymurgy arrives to the ward, Big Nurse has total control. Broaden explains her control by call Eng her, essentially, a machine. He narrates, â€Å"practice has steadied and strengthened her unitI now she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hairline wires too small for anybody odds eye but mine† (16). The use of machinery to explain her control shows how precise It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the other hand, is chaotic. However, he too is striving for control by rest ;sting authority. Perhaps because of his history in the Korean War, McCarthy feels the nee d to rebel against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself somewhat of an a authoritative Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. Unlike Ratchet, McCarthy Is a figure of h pope and not of monotonous scheduling. This is most apparent when McCarthy takes on his o win form of therapy session by taking the men on a fishing trip. In doing so, he made people like George feel needed, and for Chief, â€Å"l smelt the air and felt the four cans of beer I'd drunk shortly g out dozens of control leads down inside me: all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the sun† (209).Musher's tactics were much more therapeutic than anything Nor SE Ratchet did for these men, because McCarthy made them feel like men. The concept of gender and control also affects the relationship between McCarthy a ND Ratchet. Keyes, in a modernly sexist fashion, uses the male figure to represent auto rite. In the beginning of the novel, Broaden narrates how Ratchet would try to cover up her bread SST because they were an imperfection they symbolize femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the

Depend on you ( follow the instruction) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depend on you ( follow the instruction) - Essay Example ided that there was no way he could rationalize faith, and discovered another way to figure out the â€Å"truth† which was that of immediate experience which is based on imagination and intuition, not rationality. This is what is taught in the Sufi faith. Ghazali went to Syria to rediscover Islam, and went to live with the Sufi monks. Then he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was during this pilgrimage that he was convinced that he was appointed to be a great reformer of the faith of Islam and his task was to inspire people. He went on to live in seclusion after this part of his life. He died in December 1111. Al Ghazali’s Alchemy of Happiness is one of the many books he wrote during his lifetime. This book shares what he thought of the significance of spirituality and religion in mankind’s quest for happiness. The book itself starts with the words, â€Å"He who knows himself is truly happy†. For Al Ghazali, everyone is perfect but that perfection is covered with the accumulation of worldly passions and animalistic desires. Thus, for him, mankind only requires â€Å"polishing† to achieve that perfection; to be polished is to â€Å"purify the heart from passion and resentment until, like a clear mirror, reflects the light of God†. For him, music and dance are perfect ways of achieving happiness. This is exemplified in the Sufi dervishes. Sufi dervishes are basically spinning, and spinning basically presents the idea that everything revolves around God and He is the center of every activity, as well as he surrounds every activity. As he said, â€Å"music and dance do not put into the heart what is not there already, but only fan into a flame of dormant emotions†. Also, his views on love and marriage proved to be philosophical as well. For him, marriage is an important part in our lives, mainly for the â€Å"worshippers to increase in number†. Although Al Ghazali may be chauvinistic at some point, stating that marriage is convenient because there will be someone to

Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Proposal - Essay Example The benefits involved with training employees are more than the costs incurred. A variety of training programs are available, including, employee diversity training, employee orientation, team building training, workplace safety and development training. Many organizations view the training process to be a waste of the resources and time of the company. The training is a long process that requires the dedication of the parties involved. Training of the employees of an organization should follow a proper laid out procedure. It should be the responsibility of the management to plan for this process. The first step in this process is setting clear goals of the program so that the management can assess the importance of the training process. Guiding principles that support the values of the company needs formulation. It will help in maintaining the focus of the training group. A strategic training plan should fundamentally highlight the impacts it has on the goals and missions of the organization. The management should support the training process (Adegoke, 2013). After the training, the staff should be involved in a new activity they learnt in the training. The assignment of the new duty will demonstrate that the management is interested in the training program. A measurement of performance of the training process is an important aspect. Professionally monitoring of training and the results evaluated for purposes of establishing, whether they achieved the targeted results, is a vital part of the process. A training budget should exist, according to the time schedule the process is expected to extend. Proper utilization of the resources of the business is necessary, and assessment of the utilization of the finances used in training is mandatory. The assigned period will depend on the technology used and the specific workplace. Time is an

Russo-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Russo-Japanese War - Essay Example an itself, the danger of foreign military intervention, a crisis in its traditional feudal society, the rise of commerce, and a disaffected peasantry led to an intense internal power struggle and finally to a revolutionary change in the country's society and a thoroughgoing modernization program, one that brought Japan the economic and military strength to resist foreign nations. The opposing forces in Japan's civil war were lined up between the supporters of the ruling Tokugawa family, which headed a rigid hierarchical feudal society, and the supporters of the emperor Meiji, whose court had been isolated from any significant government role. The civil war culminated in 1868 in the overthrow of the Tokugawa government and the restoration of the rule of the Emperor. The Meiji Restoration also brought new interest groups to the centre of political power and instigated a radical redirection of Japan's economic development. The nub of the changeover was the destruction of the traditional feudal social system and the building of a political, social, and economic framework conducive to capitalist industrialization. The new state actively participated in the turnabout by various forms of grants and guarantees to enterprising industrialists and by direct investment in basic industries such as railways, shipbuilding, communications, and machinery. The concentration of resources in the industrial sector was matched by social reforms that eliminated feudal restrictions, accelerated mass education, and encouraged acquisition of skills in the use of Western technology. The ensuing industrialized economy provided the means for Japan to hold its own in modern warfare and to withstand foreign economic competition. The leaders of the new government considered national security and... The war demonstrated the defensive strength of entrenched automatic weapons and the offensive power of indirect artillery fire. Russia, in losing every battle on land and sea, betrayed ominous military deficiencies; Japan, displaying the professionalism of its armed services, vaulted to great power status and destroyed forever the myth of Western invincibility.A victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The defeat of Russia was met with shock both in the West and especially across Asia. That a non-Western country could defeat an established power in such a large military conflict was particularly inspiring to various anti-colonial independence movements around the world. Japanese historians think this war was a turning point of Japan and a key to understanding why Japan failed militarily and politically later. The acrimony that occurred in Japan's society went to every class and level, and shortly became the consensus within Japan that they had been treated as the defeated power during the peace conference. The world’s major powers, nevertheless, failed to heed the lesson of how modern technol-ogy had transformed land warfare into a deadly morass. Assimilating these lessons would be bought with blood and treasure only nine years later on the fields of World War I

Poverty in an Era of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poverty in an Era of Globalization - Essay Example Seeking to explore poverty and malnutrition across the globe through an analysis of the political and economic situation in Somalia, one of Africa’s poorest countries, this essay will show the linkages between poverty and political instability. Accordingly, this essay will show that political instability perpetuates economic stagnation in Somalia and any attempts to resolve the poverty crisis in the region must address the political causes behind underdevelopment. Underdevelopment breeds poverty in Somalia which is demonstrated through widespread malnutrition, low life expectancies and poor rankings in a variety of indicators of overall health (Spencer 2008). Seeking to explore poverty and malnutrition in Sub Saharan Africa through an analysis of the political and economic situation in Somalia, one of Africa’s poorest countries, this essay will show the linkages between poverty and political instability in an era of globalization. Accordingly, this essay will show that political instability perpetuates economic stagnation in Somalia and any attempts to resolve the poverty crisis in the region must address the political causes behind underdevelopment. Underdevelopment breeds poverty in Somalia which is demonstrated through widespread malnutrition, low life expectancies and poor rankings in a variety of indicators of overall health (Pretty 1999; Spencer 2008). Aiming to address the linkages between underdevelopment characterized by malnutrition and poverty and political instability, this essay will explore the relationship between these two diverse, although seemingly interdependent phenomena. Does poverty breed political instability? Are poor countries more prone to political violence and insecurity? What good is the democracy if people remain poor?

Alternative energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternative energy - Essay Example The Guinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund’s co-manager Edward Guinness says that although wind energy’s use is growing almost at 30 per cent per year, yet the price of energy generated by the wind is competitive with the price of the fossil fuels (Eaves, 2007). Rapid growth in the production and use of solar power is also expected in the near future. Slightly more than 0.1 per cent of the total energy in the world is derived from the solar power through the photovoltaic vells. According to Edward Guinness, use of the solar power can grow to more than 10 per cent in the next two to three decades with the improvement of the manufacturing processes (Eaves, 2007). However, â€Å"[t]here are financial, political, and technical pressures as well as time constraints that will force tough choices† (Grunwald, 2009). Therefore, it would take some time for the use of the alternative sources of energy to outperform that of the fossil fuels. The future of energy is more about how than what. â€Å"I think the things that would really blow us away if we could jump forward 20 years would not be the giant fields of windmills, but the 1,000 changes in daily life that have taken place in order to save energy† (Steffen cited in Eaves, 2007). In the future, the sources of power are expected to get closer to the home. The changes would extend beyond the use of low-energy light bulbs. People would rely more on local energy particularly where the places have abundance of wind, sunshine, and rivers. With the production of energy at the domestic level, there would be flow of energy back and forth within the small infrastructure in the form of power grids that would supply energy two-way i.e. both to and from the homes. The alternative sources of energy have not been utilized to full extent on the Earth to date fundamentally because their supply and use has been expensive and the supply has not met the demands. Although the use of fossil fuels

Virtue in Frankenstein Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virtue in Frankenstein - Research Paper Example These  characters  encompass powerful associations with nature; whenever they felt unhappy, they were able to discover comfort in nature. Both of them are also are crammed with a fiery revenge, which is demonstrated throughout the final chapters of the  book. In spite of their considerably dissimilar appearances and lives, the monster and Victor own many resemblances. A major personality feature of the monster and victor Frankenstein is their adoration and association with nature. Both characters make use of the nature to comfort them once their moods are sad or low. One of the favorite nature retreats for Victor is the lovely lake in Geneva. After William’s death, He boated out there and thought in what way the â€Å"heavenly scenery restored him† (Shelley). The beauty of nature is able to please victor and form a feeling of contentment. Similarly the monster takes pleasure in this similar delight of nature even as he is into his emotional banishment. He decides to reside in the wilds as becoming familiar with human beings. The wilds all-around him â€Å"was enough to maintain his spirits, even through the persecution†( Shelley). Exactly as it maintained for his creator, victor, nature is adept to bind the monster composed during his tussles. This affiliation for nature is common most fervently among these two characters. At times they put forth their fondness for nature subconsciously. For instance as soon as Victor has to free himself of the ruins of a female monster, he selects a lake for the location. Although this is not a contented instant in his existence, his adoration for nature is the factor that pulls him to this venue, in spite of the ongoing situations. ‘ the lake refreshed him and filled him with agreeable sensations† (Shelly) relating with the calmness of nature not just assists to compose and please both characters other than that it is utilized as a location to satisfy any wants and needs. The monster and Victor wish for familial ties greater than everything else. Victor desires company with Elizabeth whereas the monster wishes to be cherished from the De Lacey. Victor’s youth was extremely joyful and pleasant. Obviously, his childhood companion turns out to be his grown-up love, Elizabeth. He feels affection for her and desires nothing greater than to live with her during the remaining of his life. Elizabeth is his â€Å"sweet and beloved† who conveys him â€Å"softened feelings of love and joy† (Shelley 167). He needs to be with her to such a great extent that he makes a decision to not allow anything to cross his way, not even his own creation the monster. Sadly, the monster achieves to get in Victor’s way; however that was due to Victor’s negligence. The monster is not dissimilar in his needs for company. While becoming knowledgeable from his cottage and while he turns out to be more conscious of the surrounding world, the monster desires love, approval, and kindness from the De Laceys. While he pondered in his hut, he â€Å"longed to join them† (Shelley 91). He noticed them every day and plans to decide the best way to come close to them. It appears as actually it is not affection that these characters long, but just a connection. When deprived of this tie, which they both crave for, they don’t grieve, but more willingly swore revenge against whatsoever was the reason. Victor and the monster are nearly the same in their want for these

Fall and Collapse of Communism between 1989 and 1991 Essay Example for Free

Fall and Collapse of Communism between 1989 and 1991 Essay The fall of Soviet Union and the subsequent collapse of communism has been a defining moment in the post World War II politico-social environment. Although the collapse of communism accelerated itself during the period 1989-1991, it is necessary to investigate the historical reasons which contributed to the collapse of communism. A strong tendency of totalitarianism has always been evident in the history of Russia. The same tendency has been carried over into the Soviet Union in the form of Marxism-Leninism. Stalin’s attempt on enforcing a common Soviet national identity on disparate ethnic groups has always been a source of unrest in the USSR. The Marxist-Leninist way of redefining communism from a state and nation building perspective has also made the internal socio-economic structure of the Soviet Union inherently unstable. Moreover the Soviet narrative on international communism once again emphasized the dominant hierarchy of Marxism-Leninism, as evidenced by the Hungarian uprising of 1956. An inclination towards collectivization as a State building principle has also rendered the Soviet economy distinctively vulnerable in comparison to Western nations. The Soviet Union was caught in a pincer movement of internal instability and external influences in terms of foreign policy. Gorbachev’s introduction of reforms in terms of Glasnost and Perestroika hinted at a possible opening up of the Soviet society. The departure of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989 resulted in a decreased military influence on the Soviet society. This further encouraged the citizenry to question the legitimacy of Soviet identity culminating in the violent demonstrations across the Soviet Union, especially in the Baltic States. This exposed and brought the structural weakness of Communism to the surface. The fall of Berlin wall also contributed to the weakening of Soviet foreign influence.   Economic factors like dip in the oil price and lack of foreign reserves further divided and weakened the nation already disturbed by the civil unrest. Soviet Union was not only reeling under the pressure of internal conflicts, but also could not compete with United States in terms of military power and economic development. Finally Soviet Union was forced to withdraw its troops from Eastern Europe and the communist regimes there were overthrown. The erstwhile Baltic Republics also declared independence in 1990. As a result the Soviet brand of communism shrunk itself and was limited to Russia. As a culmination Boris Yeltsin banned the CPSU in 1991 and termed it unconstitutional. To summarize the fall and collapse of communism was not due to internal strife alone, but also hastened by the indirect economic influence by United States. The collapse was accelerated during 1989-91 due to a combination of these factors. The collapse itself has to be further understood within a broader framework of systemic weakness of the idealogy. At the same time short-term factors like lack of satisfactory economic growth and civil unrest did indeed play a crucial role in the sudden demise of Communism. Work Cited Friedman, L. Thomas. The World is Flat, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 2005. 48-172

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method Determination of adulterants such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in honey using HPLC method 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Standard of hydroxymethylfurfural was purchased from sigma Aldrich. All the samples and standards were diluted using distilled deionised water. Methanol, sodium hydroxide,diphenyl-1-pikryl, ascorbic acid, 2,2- hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were of analytical reagent grade and purchased from Techno PharmChem, Avonchem and Alpha Chemika Ltd. Most glassware used are stainless steel dish, porcelain crucible, beakers (5, 25, 100 and 250 mL), pipettes (1, 10 and 50 mL), burette (10 and 25 mL), measuring cylinders (10, 100, 250 and 500 mL) and volumetric flasks (10, 100, 200, 1000 mL) were of grade A. All the glasswares were rinsed with distilled deionised water to remove surface contaminants prior to use. Oven, Incubator and furnace used were of make Gallenkamp, Memmert and respectively The absorbance was recorded on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. 2.2 Description of honey sample 13 Honey samples of different brands (Wescobee, Elodie, EL BREZAL, Hosen, Tropic, Lune de miel, Mc Mahon’s, ALSHIFA, Casino, Sunny, Gitto’s, Rodrigues Honey, and Natural Honey) were bought from Intermart Hypermarket, Jumbo Hypermarket and Monoprix Hypermarket. Brief details of different honey analysed, highlighting the manufacturing and expiry date, lot no, country of origin, and ingredients (if specified) are given in table 5. Table 5: Description of honey samples Sample code Sample Brand/ Name Details SP1 (a) Wescobee 100% Pure Honey Manufacturing date: May 2014 Expiry date: May 2017 Lot no:4107A Origin: Australia Ingredient: Pure honey SP9 (b) Elodie Miel Fruità © Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 28.08.15 Lot no: 4059ID Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP3 (c) EL BREZAL Eucalyptus Honey Manufacturing date: February 2014 Expiry date: February 2017 Lot no: 2247 Origin: Spain Ingredient: 100% pure natural honey SP8 (d) Hosen Pure Honey Manufacturing date: 25.10.13 Expiry date: 24.10.15 Lot no: NA Origin: China Ingredient: 100% honey SP6 (e) Tropic Lychee Honey Manufacturing date: September 2012 Expiry date: August 2014 Lot no: TP-002 Origin: India Ingredient: Pure honey SP10 (f) Lune de miel Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 01.05.16 Lot no:L28663A Origin: France Ingredient: 100% pure honey SP5 (g) Mc Mahon’s Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: March 2016 Lot no: B140813 Origin: Australia Ingredient: NA SP7 (h) ALSHIFA Natural Honey Manufacturing date: November 2013 Expiry date: October 2018 Lot no: NA Origin: Saudi Arabia Ingredient: 100% natural SP4 (i) Casino Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 10.03.16 Lot no: 206354 Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP12 (j) Sunny Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 24.01.16 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Honey SP11 (k) Gitto’s Special Honey Manufacturing date: 27.06.14 Expiry date: 26.06.15 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Cane sugar syrup 85%, pure honey 15% SP2 (l) Rodrigues Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Rodrigues Ingredient: NA SP13 (m) Natural Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: NA 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Sample preparation prior to physicochemical analysis 2.3.1.1 Moisture Moisture was determined according to AOAC method (925.45D) (Appendix I). Stainless steel dish with 25g sand and a glass rod were dried in an oven for 1 hour, cooled in a desiccator then weighed. 1g of homogenised honey sample was added and mixed thoroughly with the sand by means of the rod. The latter was then heated on steam bath for 15 min and dried in an oven for 2 hours at 60 °C, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed to a constant mass. 2.3.1.2 Ash Ash was determined according to AOAC method (920.181) (Appendix II) such that 5g of homogenized honey samples were added to pre-weighed empty porcelain. The samples were then allowed to dry on a water bath and heated on a hot plate until carbonized. The resulting carbonized samples were place in furnace at 600 °C for 6 hours, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed. 2.3.1.3 pH pH was measured at 25 °C by preparing a 10% (w/v) solution (dry weight basis) in distilled deionised water by a Delta Ohm HD 8706 pH meter. 2.3.1.4 Total Acidity Free acids, lactones, total acidity and pH were measured using a Mettler Toledo MP 220 pH meter according to the AOAC method 962.19 (Appendix III) as follows: 10g of honey samples were weighed in a 250 mL beaker and dissolved in 75 mL of CO2 free distilled deionised water (obtained by cooling freshly boiled deionised water). The mixtures were stirred using magnetic stirrer and titrated against 0.05M sodium hydroxide at a rate of 5 mL/min until the pH reached 8.50. 10 mL of 0.05M sodium hydroxide was pipetted and back-titrated with 0.05M hydrochloric acid to pH 8.30. A blank titration was also performed using similar procedure. Acidity of honey samples were calculated as follows: 2.3.1.6 Electrical conductivity The electrical conductivity was determined based on a method derived from Apiservices from the ash content of the honey samples according to the equation: 2.3.2 Sample preparation for HMF determination prior to HPLC analysis Aliquots of honey samples were prepared by weighing 1g of honey and were diluted to 10 ml with distilled water, filtered on 0.45 mm filter and injected into an HPLC equipped with a UV detector. The HPLC column was an Agilent, C18, 5 µm, 125 x 4 mm. The HPLC conditions were the following: isocratic mobile phase, 1% of acetic acid and methanol in the ratio (80:20); flow rate, 0.25 ml/min; injection volume, 2  µl, temperature; 30 °C. All the solvents were of HPLC grade. The chromatograms were monitored at 285 nm. All the samples were analysed in triplicates and after every 6 samples, a standard check was analysed. HMF was identified by analysing the peak in honey with a standard HMF, and by comparison of the spectra of the HMF standard with that of one honey samples. The amount of HMF in the honey samples was determined using a calibration curve and by comparing the peak area of the standard and the resulting samples. All honey samples were stored at room temperature (25–30 °C) in a well closed container and the HMF content of each sample was analysed on a monthly basis throughout a period of four months. To determine HMF progress during heat treatment, honey samples were subjected to heat treatment by placing 1g honey sample in a glass container, and heat in a water bath at 40 ºC, 60  ºC, 80 ºC, and 100 ºC for 5 min. The time was calculated when temperature reached the required degree. The honey samples were then cooled rapidly to room temperature (25 °C) and proceed as above to determine the HMF content. 2.3.2.1 Calibration curve for HMF for HPLC analysis A 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard was prepared by dissolving 0.0101 g of HMF standard in 100 mL of distilled deionised water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. From the 100 ppm stock solution, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm standard solution were prepared separately in 10 mL volumetric flasks. The different volumes of the stock solutions which were diluted to 10 mL are given in Table 4. The resulting standards were analysed on a HPLC UV detector at 285 nm and a calibration curve was plotted. Table 6: Volume of 100 ppm stock to prepare different concentration of HMF Concentration/ppm Volume of 100 ppm stock used/mL 10 1.00 20 2.00 30 3.00 40 4.00 50 5.00 A 10 ppm spike sample of HMF was prepared by pipetting 200  µL of 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard and transferred to the 2 g sample of honey and diluted to 20 mL with distilled deionised water. 2.3.2.2 Limit of detection and quantification The limit of detection and quantification of HMF was calculated according to EPA method SW-846 (Appendix V). LOD is defined to be the minimum level at which the analyte can be detected reliably with signal-to noise 3:1. Different standards of HMF was analysed namely 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04ppm such that detection limit of HMF was thus then established by analysing a 0.05ppm HMF standard solution seven times and the standard deviation of the repeats for the analyse was multiplied by a factor 3.14 based on student t-statistics. The limit of quantification with signal-to noise ratio 10:1 was calculated by multiplying the obtained standard deviation by 10. 2.3.3 Anti-oxidative property using DPPH radical scavenging activity 4.5mg of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) was dissolved in 100 mL methanol and wrapped in aluminium foil to prevent light from entering. For the assay, a 96 wells Elisa plate was used. 100 µL of test sample was placed in the first well using micropipette. 50 µL methanol was added to all other wells and serial dilution was done. 50 µL of sample from the first well was pipette and transferred to the second well previously containing 50 µL methanol and the solution was mixed to ensure homogeneity. The 50 µL of the resulting solution was pipette and transferred to the third well and so on. Each well now contained 100 µL of solution after the dilution. 100 µL DPPH (4.5mg/100ml) solution was then added to every well. The solutions were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C in an incubator and the absorbances of the resulting solutions were read at 492nm on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. The % scavenging activity of the samples was calculated as follows: Antioxidative property of the samples; firstly with no heating of the honeys and secondly with a heating temperature of 100 °C for five minutes were performed and proceed similarly to that of control ascorbic acid. Note: A yellowish change in colour indicates the presence of ascorbic acid activity. 1311

Market analysis of reebok

Market analysis of reebok Reebok the United Kingdom based ancestor company was founded in 1890 by J.W Foster, for one of the best reasons possible athletes wanted to run faster (www.reebok.com). Since then Reebok has evolved itself through various stages to become one of the top three market leaders in the sports shoes, fitness and apparels. The brands success is built upon its creative designing and marketing strategy. The right balance between the designing and marketing has taken Reebok to such height. McDonald, M (2000 p.5) defines marketing as process for understanding markets, for quantifying the present and future value required by the different groups of customer within these markets. Starting from its first hand made shoes to the recent innovative Easytone and ReeZig footwear Reebok proved its individuality, authenticity and its creative thinking and potential. The company was taken over by Adidas in 2006 which gave both Adidas and Reebok a strong market share to take on the common rival and the mark et leader Nike. Though the company is taken over, Reebok and Adidas are still two different brands under the group. Reebok has a strong hold in US market and sponsors for different sporting events like NFL, NBA, WNBA and NBDL. Branded as a discounted shoe manufacturer in the past, Reebok has slowly changed its face to high fashion, high comfort and premium product by raising its price in the market and incorporating new technologies for the sports and fitness category. The latest launch in their product line Easytone and the upcoming ReeZig has got more technical and design values, the technology which is actually designed by a NASA engineer(www.corporate.reebok.com) and the re-launch of its classic models reveals the companys change in focus. Reebok in the early 2000 started its marketing campaign with fusion of Sports Music and Technology featuring industries best performers of the period, from music industry Jay-Z, Daddy Yankee, 50 Cent; top athletes Allen Iverson, Donovan McNabb , Curt Schilling, Kelly Holmes, Iker Casillas and Yao Ming; screen stars Lucy Liu, John Leguizamo and Christina Ricci; and skateboarder Stevie Williams., and Thierry Henry, Alexander Ovechkin, driving ace Lewis Hamilton, MS Dohni and Nicole Vaidisova. Easytone the companys launch of the year 2009 is its one of the most successful product line. Easytone feature with first of its kind the balance pod technology, designed for womens fitness and sport. Reeboks commitment towards women fitness and sport is long lasting from its first ever exclusive footwear for women Step introduced in 1989 which fore fronts the aerobic movements, and now the Easytone forefronts toning of lower abdomen parts like the calf muscle, thigh muscle and the bum. Reeboks marketing approach for Easytone is take the gym with you (www.reebok.com) which emphasis on women who were busy with their routine life but still wanted to maintain their figure. Custom made shoes are also available by ordering and designing over the internet, which gives customers the option of variety and uniqueness. Marketing Environment Macro Environment Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010) describes macro environment as a force which is more societal and affects the micro environment directly. The global footwear industry is $196.25billion in 2009 with CAGR of 3.7% from 2005 to 2009(www.marketlineinfo.com). Reeboks international operations and its presence over 55 countries with different cultural and economical background is a concern for its performance, with the present market scenario where the European and American market is facing financial crisis, Reebok has got its major customers base in these regions it faces major loss in sales, while the Asian market shows positive sign, Reeboks sales in India and china is second to Nike, but the percentage contribution towards the revenue in international currency is low. Reebok faces legal threats from its manufacturing units in South East Asia where they operate with cheap labours in unethical work conditions. In general the sporting accessories are more famous among the 16 to 24 age groups. The increase in number of unemployed and fresh graduates finding difficult to find jobs among this particular category has caused a major concern for the industry, in addition to countries like UK where the government has increased the tuition fees will be a major political and economical factor which affects the whole footwear industry. The increase in raw material cost making the situation worse, which led to low stock maintenance and irregular supply to the channel. The footwear industry is always subjected rapid changes in customer needs and the changes are more oriented toward the socio-cultural forces, Reebok adapted to those variations in socio cultural forces by combining the product with Music and sport in US market, fitness and sport in the European ma rket and sport and entertainment in Asian market. Figure 1: Macro Environment Reeboks Easytone is designed with the technology which is never been used before and sets a landmark in the sports shoe market. Easytone is designed to comfort with Moving Air Technology, while most of the other competitors do have similar technologies Reebok should really look into more innovative and sophisticated technology which will be the unique selling point in the competitive market. Micro Environment Every brand has its own unique selling point which targets the particular category of customers, in general the footwear industry customers can be categorised into Performance conscious consumers like runners, aerobics, players, athletes, and exercisers and Fashion conscious customers who buy for style and comfort. Customers buy products that has value and satisfaction among the range available in the market, Kotler, P et al.(2009). Figure : Micro Environment Reebok Easytone is designed and marketed to the fitness loving womens segment. With the strategy of launching a new product every year with newer technology and invention, Reebok has always targeted the focus group, and so as Easytone targets the fitness loving women. Reebok has always positioned itself as customer centric, which caters the needs and requirement of the focus group, though it has the diversity in product when compared to its competitors. Because of the diversity in its products Reebok has always been in competence to different competitors in different category and product range. The main competitors are Nike, Adidas and Puma. Reebok sells through various channels, which includes the retail outlets, Reebok concept showrooms, franchisee outlets and associated sponsored sporting organisation. Marketing Mix The primary objective of an organisation is to offer a product which has a competitive edge or differential advantage over its competitors, Brassington, F., Pettitt, S. (2006). This can be achieved by marketing mix which is studied with the basic research on 4Ps. Product Product management has always been the core factor in the marketing mix, which involves the basic understanding and the requirement for launching the new product in the market and then developing it with the right marketing strategy which benefits the organisation and then manufacturing in the right way which benefits both the organisation and the society. The organisation should transfer its knowledge into product which will be a drive for growth, John A. Quelch (2006). Figure 3: BCG Matrix,( source:www.reebokeasytone.net) Reebok has the strategy of launching one core product every year, and the launch of Easytone is for the year 2009, it was the critical time to launch any new product because of the economy, hence Reebok has to come out with a very strong product and marketing strategy. The tangible attributes has to be so strong and the message was clearly sent out with Easytone with its high fashion, design and technology. The footwear is innovative and new to the market, designed in a way that it gives us the feeling of walking in the soft sandy beach and the science behind is when we walk on the sandy beach its hard to keep the balance hence we work hard to keep the balance which in turn burns the calories of calves, hamstring and the gluteus maximus muscles. Reebok has also ensured that Easytone is available across the globe and the visibility of it is more in the retail outlets, which created awareness and also a noise in the market about the new product with new technology and performance. Thou gh Reebok claims theoretically it can prove that, by using Easytone will tone the legs 26% more when compared to other sport or fitness shoes, there are still controversies about the actual performance of the product. Reebok did break the controversies with the total sales of Easytone worldwide, this proved practically the strength of marketing strategy by Reebok and the performance in the market. On the other hand with all the controversies the general image of the brand which changed over the period of time from a discounted brand to a respected brand, contributed to the overall performance, which has also bought value to the brand, Easytone has got its uniqueness and feature to rock the market. The strength of the product always lies on its core benefits, the core benefit of Easytone is fitness in the simple way, which is a necessity and hence has its value anticipation and demand. The actual product which is built upon its core benefit is its features style and quality and as an augmented product Reebok gives warranty up to three months and any after sales issue has been taken to RD department for rectification and thus by giving the customer the maximum benefit and trust in the product. The Easytone can be classified as speciality goods, where in an extensive market research was done which gives customer the maximum benefit by using the product. After the successful launch of Step in 1989 and Easytone in 2009, both products have shown its individuality and very minimum level of competition from other brands, which gives the product a cutting edge and the customers reluctance to go for any other brands. Product Life Cycle The product life cycle gives the clear picture of the stage in which the product is, the four stages are Introduction, Growth, maturity and termination. Determining the stage in which the product belongs will decide the marketing strategy to follow Kotler, P (2003). For the footwear industry the entire product life is short because of the new trends in the market, different categories in the customer base and due to wear and tear because of the regular usage. Any new product that is launched should differentiate itself from the others and should have uniqueness. Easytone launched in July 2009 with more anticipation and excitement in the market, took up the pace immediately because of the marketing activity carried out by Reebok prior to its launch, the launch was a grand one with star studded performance and celebrities form various industries took part in it. Figure 4: Easytone PLC Stage The growth stage of Easytone in terms of sales is pretty much vertical and by end of 2009 it reached the maturity phase. Reebok focused on different strategy during its various course of the stages, during the introduction stage Reeboks marketing objective was totally to build a strong brand image and expand its market share to the next level, Easytone was priced at the higher end, since its targeted to the focus group, the fitness loving women segment, during the growth phase Easytone penetrated through the focus group, where some of the customers were brand loyal to Reebok, Reebok has the strong product mix, when Easytone was in its matured stage Reebok introduced its next model the ReeZig, targeting the male segment, thus by lining up its product in the market and continuously creating the awareness targeting various categories of the customer base. Since the Easytone is targeted to the focus group, Easytone positioned well itself as a fitness wear and pioneered in its category. Later in its matured stage Reebok repositioned its product focusing not only on the busy working women category who could wear it for their work place, they also started focusing on the regular women category who does workout everyday by launching different variants like ReeInspire, ReeFlipflop, Go Outside, Rush, Diva and also introduced custom designs, were customers can design from the various patterns available in their website and can choose the colours also. New Products are key to companys continued survival, (Lancaster, G., Reynolds P, 2005, p.108). Within the product line Reebok developed various products and introduced in different stages which enabled them to actually extent the product life cycle. Countries in Asia Pacific and Middle East are very slow in responding to new product particularly in footwear industry, where they used to wait and watch if the product is really worth and anticipate for price drop. Reebok extended its Easytones product life by launching it in t hese regions with a time gap, after proving it successful in US and the Europe market. Pricing The variants within the brand and the competition play a major role in pricing the Easytone, been branded as the discounted sales brand in the past, Reebok changed its face by changing its pricing methods, sports and fitness industry customers will always look out for the latest technology and high comfort brand were they give less importance to cost. Though they will compare with the other brands with the same features, low priced products which claim to have the innovative and most effective technology will always create a lack of confidence to the customers. According to McDonald (2000, p.352) pricing may influence the other marketing mix also. Reebok priced its Easytone in the higher end when compared to its previous fitness shoes for women like Step or Pump, in competition to the other brands with similar product features though William j. Stanton (1994 p.335) says that for a new product to take a high market penetration should price its product relatively low when compared to o ther brands. Figure 5: Easytone Pricing Strategy In the early 2010 Easytone price was dropped marginally when it reached the maturity stage, the marginal decrease in its price was effective to its secondary market like Asia pacific and Middle East markets, which is competitive to its regional players, the secondary market customers have always been wait and watch customers where the always believe in the bargain purchase, while the primary market customers are the early responders. Reducing its price was marginal, Reebok was so conscious of not falling back to its earlier brand image, also it exploit the actual market opportunities by acquiring customers out of its focus group. The pricing factor though didnt affect much of its primary market, its influenced the secondary market. With regards to market penetration Reebok had a different strategy by introducing one pound shoes in the tertiary market like Bangladesh and African countries. Easytone is also priced up when compared to the other product line because of its additional fea tures and the latest technology. When pricing internationally they adopted the polycentric pricing where the regional office decides the price, this is easily achievable because of the production unit is present in the Asian subcontinent where pricing in relative to expenses is made, which is a biggest advantage to easily price polycentrically. Easytone is made available by ordering online with a price discount, which saves the overall expenditure for the management of retail outlets and showrooms, which is passed on to the customers. Promotion Reebok started its promotional activity for Easytone even before the launch, in order to create awareness. The promotional activities were concentrated towards the technology the main features and the advantage of using the product, since the product is targeted towards the focus group, fitness loving women, most of its promotion activity featured young women with tonned legs and bum, which stimulated the customers mind. The advertisement by Reebok for Easytone created a shock among the viewers, but still its shock averts are not new, it depends on the market, the products speciality and the circumstance of social priorities, Evans M., Moutinho L. (1999, p123). Figure 6: Easytone communication strategy Reebok spent most of its money in media advertisement which created awareness amongst the focus group and also regular viewers who were also simulated to use the product. This is a major success for Easytone as it captured the core strength or the unique feature of the product fitness and beauty. Easytone targeted the creamy layer of the customer group, women between the ages 16 and 24, and their ad campaign has always been different to different product lines, when it first started it marketing campaign with Reebok Planet in 2005, then in 2006 they tie up with Thierry Hendry and Ryan Giggs for their campaign I am what I am, and further on like Pump Up, your Move, Because life is not just a spectator sport which feature Lewis Hamilton showing his fitness skills with Reebok, and now for the Easytone take the gym with you which sends out a clear message to the focus group, and the line of celebrity includes Kelly Brook in UK, Bipasha in India. Figure 7: Pounds spend for advertisement Though Easytone spent more in media advertisement, it focused on other promotional activities also, like print, out-of-home, digital and in-store executions. Reeboks spent in sales promotion is as much as it spent in media advertisement, the promotions were mainly aimed towards churn in customer and creating demand in the market, they have also launched online blogs to create a customer database and to get feedback from customers and to develop the product further according to their requirements. Though as a brand Reebok has very good promotions by sponsorship Easytone has its limitations were it could not enter in to the sports category, they have to rely more on the entertainment sector to promote the product. Easytone in Reeboks concept store was given the priority and merchandising was also primarily focused on Easytone, with all the above factors it created a pull strategy in the market. The Easytone advert in most of the places were considered unethical and also caused a negati ve impact on the product, which many of the viewers considered too much. But still as a campaign Easytone had a successful period and sales through their communication strategy. Place Reeboks access to the target market is one of its successes, because of the growing awareness among the customers, right customer in right attitude should be targeted, and also knowing the potential of individual market in a global environment. Figure 8: Sales region wise(2009), source: (www.marketlineinfo.com) Knowing about the social and cultural behaviour of the local market before positioning a product is vital for planning a marketing strategy, Lancaster G., Reynolds P (2002). Reeboks decentralised operations allowed the local management team to target the local customer base. Reeboks channel structure is simple when compared to its sister company Adidas, from manufacturing unit to its different warehouses in different regions and the to its retail outlets like speciality sports retailers, online retailers, concept stores, and other retailers. Reebok retail outlets has got a better image in terms of its merchandising and product placements, because of its simple structure in reaching the end customers the logistics is also made simpler and will be faster. SWOT Strength Unique Product features Celebrities and sports stars endorsed to brand Balance pod technology Media advertisement Concentrated on focus group Manufactured in Asia Brand loyal customers and awareness Custom made shoes Prime location in retail and concept stores Only for women category Premium pricing Weakness Targets only focus group Only for women category No further development to the product Single product line Mostly relied in retail sales Premium pricing Controversial advertisement Discounted retail sales Vertically integrated brand Opportunity Developing the product Untapped markets Unisex models Focus on emerging market Wholesale market Integrated marketing campaign Threats Manufacturing units in Asia and Cambodia Competitors variants Competitors pricing Counterfeit and replicas in secondary market Manufacturing standards Decline in footwear sales Recommendation Based on the critical analysis done with SWOT, the following recommendations are suggested. Starting from the priority matrix of nine and urgency and importance level three, Reebok though having some very unique featured Easytone, variants among the product is very less when compared to the other brands in the same category, still Reebok can claim that it has custom made shoes which gives customer the variation and to their likeness, the basic product is the same, which will not change the mindset of the customer. Reebok have to develop new variants within the product line in order to satisfy all its customer needs. Reebok has very good secondary market but with regards to Easytone there is a large potential in secondary markets which they had missed out as they concentrate mainly on their low range products which put them in second to NIKE, but lose their position in terms of product like Easytone which has technical values and change the brand image from discounted brand to high st reet fashion, sports and fitness brand, which can be overcast by more ethical media averts and focusing on the fitness loving women category in these markets. The other weakness of Easytone is its vertical integration, where it does not involve any whole selling like its sister concern Adidas, this make them to rely on its retail outlets for its maximum sales where as other brands have horizontal integration which spreads their market area, Reebok should come out of its present integration and spread its market area which in turn will create more opportunity for sales and market share. In terms of new product development, like the fusion of music, sport and entertainment, Reebok should try combining sport, fitness and casual models. Easytone concentrates only on it focused group which is an advantage to maximise it sales but should also think of the other segments like the male fitness loving groups, though by its advert and promotions the product in not much relevant to male segmen ts, still using Easytone tone your leg, calf muscle and hamstring. This would have put Easytone on the wider market and increased sales. The adverts should have casted both male and female models where the male segments concentrate on the calf and hamstring, the female segments with butt. In the era where the macro elements talk more about environment and human rights and work ethics Reebok should have adopted to those factors much earlier wherein it wouldnt have faced legal and ethical threats, having manufacturing units in Asia and Pacific regions will provide them with cost effectiveness, but always have the risk of standards in manufacturing and work culture, the recent change in their work environment ethics will clear any further damage to the brand but still whatever it faced will always impact the future market. By changing the pricing strategy where it priced premium price for Easytone had a negative impact in the market, the change in pricing methods should have happened i n slow phase, rather than suddenly increasing its price because of its innovative technology and feature. Though this created a new brand image in the market customers were ready to wait for the price fall, which they have always experienced with Reebok in the past. Appendix 1 SWOT Analysis Matrix SWOT VS Urgency Importance Probability Priority (9-max, 1-min) S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ O 1 1 3 3 3 9 4 2 3 3 1 7 2 2 1 2 1 4 8 3 2 3 2 7 11 3 2 3 1 6 5 4 3 3 2 8 4 4 3 3 3 9 2 5 2 2 1 5 4 5 2 2 1 5 Wà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢O 1 1 3 3 2 8 1 2 3 3 3 9 2 2 2 2 1 5 3 1 3 3 2 8 3 3 3 3 2 8 3 4 2 2 1 5 4 6 3 3 1 7 5 1 3 2 2 7 5 3 2 2 2 6 6 5 3 3 2 8 7 6 2 2 2 6 8 4 3 3 3 9 S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  T 1 0 3 2 3 2 2 7 5 2 2 2 2 6 11 3 3 2 1 6 11 4 2 2 2 6 8 4 3 2 2 7 6 5 3 3 2 8 7 5 3 3 2 8 Wà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å"T 1 1 3 3 2 8 4 3 2 2 2 6 6 5 3 2 2 7 4 8 2 2 2 6 Bibliography

Art Dealer :: essays research papers

ART DEALER By age five, Michael Irvin loved art and museums but, in retrospect, his was no schoolboy infatuation. Today, his dedication to objets d'art has made him one of the most sought-after art dealers in Southern California. The wares of his perenial treasure hunt span his clients' estates and summer homes, private planes and yachts anchored in Newport Beach and Monte Carlo. But Irvin is not simply a wholesale art dealer, for this stylish art connoisseur describes his work as â€Å"part psychologist, part art consultant,† and he uses his expertise to interpret and translate his clients' artistic expressions. "Many of my clients already have everything. Luxury cars, beautiful jewelry, clothes," said Irvin, a rugged 39-year-old who resembles a bronzed and taller Tom Cruise. "Their homes are their calling cards, and these homes command exquisite art." These demands require a comprehensive understanding of art history, and celebrities like Dr. Phil McGaw and Orange County's elites regularly call Irvin. His client roster is a veritable â€Å"who’s who† of OC society and includes a top Microsoft executive and a Saudi princess. Unlike traditional art dealers who simply locate art for their customers, Irvin consults with clients who have little time to research and are unsure of their decorative choices. He relies on his extensive database of artists and experts amassed over a decade of work, and buys directly from the source at wholesale prices. "Michael has a solid grasp of what his clients want," said Sheldon Harte of Harte Brownlee & Associates, a celebrated interior design firm in Laguna Beach. "He's the best in the business." Despite the posh imagery, Irvin, said his daily routine is anything but glamourous. His typical day involves unloading and carrying heavy canvases, wood panels or sculptures in all shapes and sizes. But Irvin doesn’t complain. The son of a Dallas fireman, Irvin grew up in Texas and was first exposed to opulance and excess during a stint as a chauffeur for Texas oil tycoons. He later worked as a caterer at the mansions of Stanley Marcus, of Neiman Marcus department stores, and society mavens like Anne Bass. "I became acclimated to fine things I'd never seen as a kid," said Irvin, who speaks with a slight, charming Southern accent. "It was a lifestyle I wanted for myself." Irvin went into business moving fine art to athletes’ homes in Colorado and Califorina, then settled in Irvine in 2000 and worked at an art gallery in Laguna.

Breaking Out and Stepping Up Essay -- Literary Analysis, I just Wanna

In the stories, I Just Wanna To Be Average, by Mike Rose and The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodrigez, a timeline of their educational progress is exposed. Both are the offspring of minimally educated immigrant parents. Who’s families settled into the working-class of California. Without having their parents as scholastic role models, Rose and Rodriguez had to find their own way through the education systems. Despite the lack of supportive social conditions, both Rodriguez and Rose were inspired to surpass the status quo expectations environmentally bestowed upon them. Mike Rose, who wrote I Just Wanna Be Average, started his schooling with a bleak future. His lower class immigrant parents hoped that sending their son to Our Lady Mercy would put him on the track to success and surpass all of his family member’s level of education. Rose shares, â€Å"No one in the family had gone to college; only two of my uncles had completed high school† (166). Unfortunately, Rose ended up in the vocational program. A program that groomed students, not for college, but to better assimilate into the working-class. The vocational track is one that does not pave the way for a bright future. Its graduating class is comprised of underachievers who lack motivation and have no desire to get ahead. The same could be said about Mercy’s staff. Rose paints a picture of his educators by mentioning, â€Å"Civics was taken over by a football coach who had trouble reading the textbook aloud --and reading aloud was the centerpiece for his pedagogy† (163). Surrounded by stubbornly dense students, and less then enthusiastic teachers Mike Rose seemed to not have a chance. Much like Rose did not have the support of an educated role model within his school pr... ... shaped him, Rodriguez explains, †Without extraordinary determination and the great assistance of others --at home and at school -- there is little chance for success† (197). Being able to take the lack of support from his family and be grateful for the roll it played in his personal quest for knowledge is something to be admired. Although coming from different backgrounds, Mike Rose and Richard Rodriguez share a similar passion and lust for knowledge. They both used inspirations and determination to break out of a mold their family history created. Even though their means to academic success differed, the character gained from their individual experiences allowed for a change. Luckily both of these stories have a happy ending. One where both the â€Å"average joe† and the â€Å"scholarship boy† can overcome preconceived expectations and become who they want to become.

Frankenstein’s obsession Essay

In chapter 5 Frankenstein abandons the creature he created and his actions have a big impact on the rest of the story. The monster is left on his own to deal with fear and loneliness. He also has to deal with the humanity, who judge him on his appearance and as a result do not welcome him.  Shelley’s message to her readers could be that, we should all take responsibility for everything that we do. And that we should not judge things of they’re appearance. When Frankenstein sees his friend Henry Clerval, he asks about his family and we can see that he is worried. The lines †It gives me the greatest delight to see you; but tell me how you left my father, brothers, and Elizabeth† shows that Frankenstein cares about his family and that he is worried about them. The fact that he is worried is significant because later on in the novel his family is going to be in danger, which worries Frankenstein even more. In chapter 5 we might feel sympathy for Frankenstein, when he shows confusion by saying:† How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?†. Shelley could have used this rhetorical question to make us feel sympathy for Frankenstein. The readers understand that Frankenstein is finding it hard to deal with emotions as he is experiencing the rhetorical question emphasizes his confusion. Frankenstein has waited nearly two years for this moment, we know this because he says: †I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body.† Evidently he was very passionate about what he was doing and we partly feel sorry for him because he was unhappy with what he had done. However Shelley draws use also to feel sympathy for the monster, when he tells his story, further in the novel. We feel more sympathy towards the monster because, he was left all alone and it was actually Frankenstein’s fault. The monster didn’t do anything wrong, but Frankenstein judged him for the way he looked and left him. One of the most important moments is when Frankenstein says:† I stepped fearfully in: the apartment was empty and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest. I could hardly believe that so great a good fortune could have befallen me, but when I became assured that my enemy had indeed fled, I clapped my hands for joy and ran down to Clerval.† Frankenstein announces the monster has left which he is overjoyed with; this is ironic because the monster has not gone for good! He will return and look for revenge. The monster is just like a child because if Frankenstein had brought him up and showed him love the monster might not have become a killer. In chapter 5 Frankenstein’s obsession is shown very well. He does not think about anything but his work. We can see this when he says:† For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that for exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.† Shelley uses strong words, to emphasize Frankenstein’s obsession. Shelley suggests that if you desire something so badly and it doesn’t work about to be the way you had expected it; this will be very hard for you to accept. When Frankenstein says:† He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs.† we see his cowardice. Frankenstein is scared that the monster will kill him and he tries to get away, after he has ‘escaped’ the monster, we can guess that he is proud of escaping the creature. In the lines:† I then paused, and a cold shivering came over me. I threw the door forcibly open as children are accustomed to do when they expect a spectre to stand in waiting for them on the other side; but nothing appeared.† We see that Frankenstein compares himself with children; Shelley could have used this simile to emphasise the fact that Frankenstein is trying to get rid of his responsibilities. In chapter 5 we also see that Frankenstein is a very selfish man and that he only thinks about himself. We can see this selfishness in the relieve he shows when he finds out that the monster has left. Without thinking about where the monster might have gone, he says:† I could hardly believe that so great a good fortune could have befallen me†. Shelley uses pathetic fallacy in her novel as the weather reflects the mood of Frankenstein. She starts the chapter with:† It was on a dreary night of November†, the weather emphasises Frankenstein’s disgust, fear and depression. He is also talking about a †comfortless sky†, this could emphasise the fact that Frankenstein has no one to comfort him. At the end of chapter 5 Shelley uses pathetic fallacy again. We can see that when Frankenstein says:† It was a divine spring, and the season contributed greatly to my convalescence†. Frankenstein feels like he started a new life, because it’s spring. We can guess that Shelley has used the season cycle to emphasise that, even though Frankenstein thinks he is being given another chance and he can start a new life in spring, the winter will come back and so will the monster. Chapter 5 shows us the obsession that a lot of people could have to create life. Even thought we try so hard we would never be able to make something as beautiful as god can. Frankenstein says:† it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived.† This is ironic because god is the one who gives life. We can assume that Shelley used irony here to emphasise the hate and disgust Frankenstein has. The contrast between God and Dante, winter and spring emphasize the fact good and evil will be a contrast throughout the novel. There is a lot of loneliness shown in Chapter 5, until Clerval comes. Frankenstein is very pleased with finally having someone around. We can see this when he says:† But I was in reality very ill, and surely nothing but the unbounded and unremitting attentions of my friend could have restored me to life.†Ã‚  In this chapter we have learned that in the nineteenth century people were very religious and even though they believed that you couldn’t play god, they were very interested in science, creating of life and things like that. We also know that this novel was very popular in the nineteenth century, because there was no entertainment such as televisions and theatres. This novel was also popular because people those days were interested in horrific images and unnatural ideas.

Relationship between the three arms of government

The American government as a democratic government functions under the guidance of three government arms. The role of each arm of government is clearly spelt under the doctrine of power separation that sought to offer clear guidelines to allow the smooth and effective execution of government affairs. Bernas (1997) however claims that there are several government departments within these separate arms of government that have overlapping roles and that one certain issues it is hard to decide which arm the jurisdiction of such a controversial issue falls.However, it is argued that the founders of the nation sought to ensure the independence of all branches to ensure their supremacy in dealing with their particular spheres. However, it is necessary to note therefore that the functions of these arms of governments must adhere strictly to the constitution raising the question of who should be charged with the responsibility of enforcing those provisions. The executive arm of the government is fundamentally important to carry out the day to day running of the country. This power is usually vested upon the president and any person that the president deems fit to have power delegated to him.Therefore, the constitution mandates a duly elected president to appoint such individuals as he may see fit subject to the approval of congress. This paper in essence tries to focus on this relationship whereby a particular of the government is subject to the oversight of another in carrying out its duties. It therefore becomes necessary for the president to appoint such individuals as qualified to handle their respective duties and such individuals must hold high integrity for them to get the necessary legislative backing.The president enjoys immense powers under the constitution among which includes the responsibility of defending the constitution and protecting the United States from attacks. For this purpose it is important that his powers be subject to some form of oversight in order for it not to be misused to the detriment of ordinary Americans. The legislature is a basic necessity in any democratic nation and the United States is a pillar of freedom and hence the United States congress is the custodian of law formulation in the nation.The legislative wing consists of two separate houses expected to ensure effective and just formulation of laws to the benefit of society. The legislature is also charged with the responsibility of formulation laws regarding tax and authorizing various government expenditures. Furthermore the senate has complete authority to authorize the signing of treaties involving the nation bringing to the question of whether the executive has any true autonomous powers. It is also important to note at this juncture that it is not only congress that has influence on the executive but also the executive has considerable influence over the legislature.Most committee chairmen are appointed by party leaders, plus the fact the party leader also appoints a majority leader in congress to spear head party agendas in congress. In this regard the executive has considerable influence on the direction of congress even in ignoring the fact that the president has veto power over bills passed in congress. The other arm is the judiciary charged with the administration of justice based on equality, equity and integrity. The courts are the grounds through which conflicts are to be resolved and injustices either compensated or punished.In these solemn corridors of justice civil and criminal proceedings are initiated and the process of establishing guilt or innocence cleverly and impartially established. The court is also charged with the important duty of interpreting the constitution and establishing whether certain statues are constitutional or not. The appointment of judges is however left to the hands of the executive on the confirmation of the legislature. The judiciary is also charged with the duty to protect the rights and f reedoms of the American citizens against the exploitation of both the executive and the legislature.In this regard, the court is mandated to provide guidance and authority to the executive on the application of certain statutes that might infringe on the rights of the citizens. In this regard the court acts as the oversight authority on the excesses of the both the executive and the legislature by putting the interest of the citizens before all else. There are those who feel that oversight over government branches should be left to the masses. However, such a claim becomes rather untenable since there are no clear mechanisms to identify breach of constitution since most people lack the technical expertise to interpret the constitution.Furthermore, even when such a breach might be on the public domain there are no mechanisms for the public to stop legislation or the enforcement of the same. There fore, it becomes necessary to allow the court since it has been charged with matters per taining to the administration of justice and the upholding of the constitution. The court has the technical and legal mandate to interpret the constitution and therefore has the moral authority to rule on matters regarding the constitutionality of matters pertaining to changes or issues related to the constitution (Coxe, 2005).Opponents of the judicial power of review would seem to be lost in the fallacious belief that the authority of the judiciary to review legislations enacted by congress and senate as an interference of the role of the legislature. It can be argued if the status of other countries like the U K that bars courts from reviewing primary bills was to be taken into consideration that indeed the judiciary might have exceeded its jurisdiction. However, it is necessary and the constitution clearly stipulates that any law that is contrary to the constitution is null and void.Therefore, it is simply logical that the judiciary in exercising its role of constitutional interp retation make rulings on the constitutionality of bills passed by the legislative wing of government. This is because law makers might if no oversight exists make laws that are in their favor even if they are in contravention of the constitution. This is possible since the constitution might be subject to misinterpretation and due to its impartial nature, the judiciary can be trusted to enforce the provisions of constitution against the partisan interests of politicians.The status quo has not always been so since the various arms of government did not infringe on the operations of the other. The courts oversight on the constitutionality of legislations emanated from the ruling of the case, William Marbury v. James Madison, secretary of state of the United States. The court had ruled that Marbury’s petition to the court under the judicial act of 1789 to compel the secretary of sate to deliver his commissioning document was unconstitutional (Marshal, 1803). However, it is clear that since the three branches serve as one government, they cannot function without relating and providing oversight to each other.This creates accountability and checks against power abuse which might disadvantage the very people they are sworn in to serve. The legislator serves as an oversight against the executive and so the court must serve as and oversight on the legislature. Therefore, the present relation ship between the three branches is vital for the necessary functioning of the country and in the observance of the supremacy of our constitution. References Bernas, J. (1997). Constitutional structure and powers of Government. Manila: Rex books. Coxe, B.(2005). An essay on judicial power and unconstitutional legislation 2005. Da carpo press. Marshal, C. J. (1803). William Marbury V. James Madison, Secretary Of State Of The United States . Retrieved 1 May 2009, from http://www. law. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/marbury. HTML. The United States Constitution. (200 9). The executive: presidential powers. Retrieved 2 May 3, 2009 from http://www. usconstitution. net/const. html. Steven, S. (1999). The American Congress: Roles of the legislature. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.