Lithium Clinical Considerations in Internal Medicine

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: English Literature:

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein takes a gander at the results of keeps an eye on endeavors to interfere in the making of life. In the 21st century, with its logical also, innovative progressions does her story despite everything have a significant message for mankind? Steven Foster Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' takes a gander at the outcomes of keeps an eye on endeavors to intrude in the production of life. In the 21st century, with its logical and mechanical progressions does her story still have a significant message for mankind? In Frankenstein Mary Shelley is attempting to pass on numerous messages, however the most significant one of these is that it isn't man's business to do the employments of the divine beings which is the reason Victor Frankenstein recounts to his story in any case. I accept that it is as yet worth hearing this message as we are doing likewise once more; we have the innovation to make a person without any preparation and about enough to pick what it would seem that. Just a day or two ago for instance on the news they were indicating how researchers could pick the sex of a child. Mary Shelley proposed the book as a notice, the story was told inside the book as a notice and maybe Victor Frankenstein was telling the story to the individuals of the time. The explanation she composed the book in the type of a notice was on the grounds that at the time numerous abrupt progressions persuaded that they would before long comprehend and have the option to make life. This didn't occur however presently we are all things considered near having the option to do these things so the admonition is still important as it discusses issues that haven't occurred at this point. The greater part of the characters in the book are there to satisfy a reason, Robert Walton is in the book with the goal that Frankenstein can caution somebody about the perils of seeking after a fantasy thus he can recount to the story gain from me, on the off chance that not by my statutes, at that point in any event by my model, how hazardous is the procurement of information, and how much more joyful that man is who accepts his local town to be the world, than he who tries to get more prominent than his tendency will permit. The beast is in the book to be the consequence of an investigation as in the abovementioned similarity would be the Africanized honey bees who were intended to make more nectar than customary honey bees who at that point got away and have cleared out all other sorts of honey bees, similar to the beast who was proposed to be the first of a new race another species would favor me as their maker This statement

Ap Argument Essay Samples - Tips on Writing Effective Arguments

Ap Argument Essay Samples - Tips on Writing Effective ArgumentsWriting a successful Ap argument essay is not at all as difficult as you may think. You just need to get your head in the right place and execute some common sense techniques. That way, you will never be looking at your essays and see blank spaces.Disorganized? Do you know that most of us write our papers because we lack ideas? When it comes to writing an argument, however, you need to focus and organize your thoughts before you write anything. If you are constantly having your thoughts scattered all over the page, then it's time to make some improvements.The best strategy is to compose your arguments first. You can do this either by word by line or by using diagrammatic structures. There are plenty of good, free Ap argument essay samples online that can show you how to write well.If you like creating your own thoughts, it's a good idea to start with a text containing only three to five sentences and include some diagrams . Once you've settled on the subject and have written everything out, move on to the first paragraph. You may use different paragraphs for the two sides of your debate. That way, you have three possible arguments to select from and will not feel overwhelmed.A good tactic is to stay open to different arguments. This is where you will find yourself spending the most time, so it's important to be creative. Look for places where you are mostly agreeing with your opponent but some that you are strongly disagreeing with. Keep those in mind, and you will start producing good arguments.Different people will have different views. Take the time to reflect on your own views and ask questions about them. Often, they will be the topic of discussion when it comes to anactual debate. And, if you are not able to fully explain your point, you can always introduce points that you consider as your rebuttal to your opponent's point.It is important to put your points in your arguments. Don't put your en tire thoughts at the beginning of your paper, but do make sure that it covers all sides of the argument. However, you should have only one main thesis statement at the end of your paper. This will tell the reader what you want to get across, and the rest of your arguments can simply use the points you make in the middle of your argument.

Hcs430 Employees Handbook Essay - 1732 Words

Employee Handbook Non-Discrimination XXX HCS/430 – Legal Issues in Health Care: Regulations and Compliance University of Phoenix CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class. I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas, and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. I have obtained written permission from the copyright holder for any trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet or other sources. I further agree that my name typed on the†¦show more content†¦Work with departmental management, the complainant(s) and the respondent(s) to implement the plan and/or remedies. How might your non- discrimination policy limit the organization’s liability? The liability of the organization’s non-discrimination policy limits any management from overlooking any potential candidate applying for any position in the organization regardless of sex, religion, race, disability, or aptitude. The organization will be held liable should an event happen without reasoning of proper statement against an employee and may lead to discrimination act in the workplace, therefore the organization not properly addressing the non-discrimination policy. Without a proper reasoning in any event of any discriminatory display in the workplace, the individual has all rights of continuing to provide services and communications in the workplace or is entitled to writing a complaint to higher management and/or higher authority along with specific reasons where further action may be taken. A lawsuit action may be taken as a result and the organization is than held liable of all responsibilities and action. In terms of liability, the organization is able to o perate smoothly without complications and employees will resume their positions within their scope of work of the organization. The non-discrimination policy allows all employees to be non-discriminated regardless unless the appearance and goal of the workplace

Should Abortion Be Illegal - 1142 Words

Madison Bobe Mrs. Monts Enriched English II 25 April 2015 Should Abortion Be Illegal? Thousands of women in the world have abortions. â€Å" Since the 1970’s, abortion has been a very controversial issue throughout the United States. Anti-Abortion and pro choice organizations often express their differences of opinion in lawful demonstrations† (Andryszewski 10).Think of it this way, all of the fetuses are in life or death situations. Their mother is choosing whether or not she wants to keep them or abort them. The children that are getting aborted will never get the chance to live. The children that are aborted will never get a choice.They will never get to go through all of the good, and even the bad, times of life. Life is a blessing, and everyone should get the chance to live their life. Women who just don’t want a child, or even women who have been raped, are wanting abortions all throughout America. Whatever the reason for the abortion, the pregnant woman should not have the choice of taking a life that they created. There are reasons and ot her options why women should not get abortions. Abortions should be illegal because these women are murdering a child that is unborn, it could be harmful to women, and if not always, then almost always, women have the choice of adoption. Reason one for not getting an abortion is that women are having someone murder their child that is unborn. â€Å" The baby’s heartbeat starts at around 12 to 18 days, so it’s murder to kill someone withShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Illegal?859 Words   |  4 PagesThousands of women decide to have an abortion each year. An abortion is when a mother decides that they do not want to continue their pregnancy so they terminate the baby/fetus. Abortion is just another term for murder. The baby is an innocent human being who does not get a say about whether or not they want to be born. There are usually two ways that an abortion can occur: a pill or surgery. Abortions affect not only the immediate family, but also their relatives. Abo rtions come with many physical and emotionalRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Illegal Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is widely debated across the world and in 1973 Roe v. Wade would start an issue with ethical and legal issues. There are multiple cases arguing why it should or shouldn’t be lawful to go through with this procedure. Women should have the right to get an abortion as It is her rights to decide if they aren’t able to be able have a child, the woman shouldn’t have to rely on anyone else, she should be able to make this decision as they have to carry it for 9 months and endure the physical painRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal?899 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion is a very invasive and tragic medical procedure that is used to terminate a pregnancy and ultimately end an innocent life that is known as the unborn fetus or baby and should be illegal. This medical procedure consists of in most cases regrettable choices and an emotional toile on a person’s life that cannot be undone. Abortion should be illegal because it’s sending a very negative message to the younger generation that being promiscuous and making bad decisions can have almost no responsibilityRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal?1930 Words   |  8 PagesJacqueline Naour 9th Hour â€Å"Abortion does not make you un-pregnant, it makes you the mother of a dead baby†-Jacqueline Naour. Before researching this report I did not really think about how they kill the child or how the abortion actually occurs, so I did not really think much of it or know it was such a bad thing. As I have written this report I realized that it is honestly one of the worst things I’ve ever read about and should be illegal without question. Abortion should be illegal because it makes humanRead MoreAbortion Propaganda: Abortion Should Be Illegal593 Words   |  2 PagesAbortion is murder no matter what a person believes ! There are many reasons abortion should be illegal . Think about The health threat to the mother after going through with the procedure as well as the lifelong health risks that remain , also the emotional damage that occurs . Personally I’m against abortion and you should be as well . Many may not know that abortion can be a threat to a women’s health because all they see or choose to see is the reason why she is going through with the procedureRead MoreEssay Abortions Should Be Illegal1264 Words   |  6 PagesWhy are abortions legal? Do the doctors enjoy killing the babies since they can’t fight back or protect themselves? Do you know what the doctors do to the child when they are giving an abortion? Abortions are wrong and should be illegal around the world or at least in the United States. Abortions should be illegal; an abortion kills a human being that cannot fight back. How would you like if someone pulled you out of bed and duct taped your mouth shut, then just cut off your head? I don’t thinkRead MoreAbortion Should Be Illegal 3768 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION SHOULD BE ILLEGAL Jenny Martinez Mrs.Cholish American History I 12/16/10 Jenny Martinez Mrs. Cholish American History I 12/16/10 Abortion Should be Illegal Abortion is no different than murder no matter when a person believes a human life becomes official. This controversy will remain for centuries, but in no country should it be legal. The fact that a potential life has ended before given a chance is murder. Most people agree thatRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal? Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesthink abortion should be illegal and the choice of women to choose what to do about their own bodies and pregnancies is being considered getting taken away from them? Abortion is a medical procedure that terminates pregnancy. It is usually done during the first twelve months of pregnancy, called the first trimester. Abortion has been legal ever since 1973 after the Roe v. Wade court case. This court case overturned all state laws in the United States restricting a woman’s access to abortion proceduresRead MoreAbortion Is Unsafe And Should Be Illegal1487 Words   |  6 Pagescould you do this to me ¨. Abortion is a horrific experie nce, that no one should ever endure. I am Pro-Life because of the consequences for mothers, the availability of adoption instead of abortion, and finally the Pro-Life movements in America. First I d like to talk about the consequences for mothers. This is a big reason why I think abortion is unsafe and should be illegal. The first thing I want to address is the mental state of the mothers who have had an abortion. Most times the mental stateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal Or Illegal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesissues is abortion. Abortion has been around at almost every point in American history. Consequently, since the Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade there have been approximately 57,762,169 abortions in America (â€Å"Are You†). This raises the question of should abortion be legal or illegal, and is this immoral or moral to do? The decision to have an abortion can be a difficult time in a woman’s life, but is not a moral way to end a pregnancy. Abortion in the United States should be illegal because of

Introduction to E-Commerce Transactions of Goods

Question: Describe about the Introduction to E-Commerce for Transactions of Goods. Answer: Introduction The Iconic is an online retailing website that deals in sale of clothes and brands. E-commerce is an online emerging trend that is used by many people for the purchase of product. Website plays an important role in transaction of goods. The website that is used for online transaction should be attractive as well should include all the information of the product (Andam 2014). The website should also be free from the bugs and spams in order to attract as many customers as it can. The author in this report states the features of the website and states the advantages and disadvantages of the website. It further answers the question regarding the Australian e commerce website as to in which stage is the website working. Overview of the website and its features The author has chosen an online retailing website that deals in selling of cloths and other fashion accessories. The online retailer deals in both men and women fashion cloths and accessories. The website has different categories that include the men and women clothing. The website also includes the names of the brand of clothes, shoes and accessories that the company sells to its customers. It contains all the information of the product such as price, warranty if applicable, delivery time, color and the materials that it is made of. The website also contains the contact information of the company in order to solve the query of the customer that they face (Theiconic.com.au. 2016). Positive and negative aspects of website The website has both the positive and negative aspects. The home page of the website is simple and easy to understand. The positive aspect of the website is that it contains all the information regarding the product, contact information of the company and the brand it deals with. The negative aspect is that the website is not accessible unless and until the consumer downloads an application in their smart phones. The company deals with the customers of only Australia. The website is very attractive and the picture quality of the product is also very nice. This is helpful to attract larger customers. The website includes the information of the product regarding the color, size and the time that it will take to deliver the product in a particular area. The website also guides the customer to choose the size by providing the detailed information (Webprofits.com.au. 2016). The drawback is that many customers have complained of the problem of virus and bugs while downloading the applicati on. The company also does not provide an option as to whether cash on delivery is acceptable for any product. A consumer will be able to purchase the product from the website only of they have created the mail id of the company. Question one: E-commerce stages Stages of e-commerce website are: Exposure stage Interaction stage E-commerce stage E- Business stage. A website is said to be in exposure stage where the consumer or the client uses the website to extract information of the organization (Hartono et al. 2014). A website is said to be in interaction stage where the consumers and the sellers use the website for communicating with each other. It is basically a website that is used for the interaction. E- Commerce is the stage where the website is used as the economic bloodline of the company. It is a stage that enables the customers to purchase the product and sellers sell the product. The sellers use internet to sell its products and the products are available through website to the customers. The customers can purchase the products from the internet as well as the website infrastructure. A website is said to be in e- business stage where the customers can use the website for the communication as well as the transaction of goods. The internet is used to redesign the internal processes and change the operational efficiency of the website (Huang and Benyoucef 2013). The Iconic website is said to be in e-commerce stage as the company to the consumers uses to the website for the transaction of goods. The consumers to purchase clothes, shoes and other accessories use internet. Since the website has already been launched, it cannot be in exposure stage. It is also not on interaction stage, as the website cannot be used for communication. It can be categorized in e commerce stage as it is used for the transaction of goods (Turban et al. 2015). Question two: E-commerce implementation strategy E-commerce means selling and purchasing of goods. E commerce requires a sophisticated knowledge of purchase, internet, payment, software and others. An attractive and simple website creation is the initial stage for the implementation of the e commerce strategy (Da Costa 2016). The quality of the website should be created attractively and professionally for the better management of the business. E commerce is not just about setting a website of the company. maintenance and timely update of the website is the key factor for the business to run successfully. Management of the inventory, sales, payment and security is essential. The website so created should be simple and easy to understand. It should also be free from spams, bugs and other fraud information. The consumer should get attracted to the website on the first site itself. E commerce implementation strategy should consider all the services of the websites into account. The iconic website should also consider its services and t ake them into account for the update (Mohapatra 2013). Conclusion Hence, E-commerce is selling and buying of goods and services to customers. There three stages of e-commerce business that are exposure stage, interaction stage, and e-commerce stage. The Iconic that is an online retailer of cloths and fashion accessory is in e commerce stage. The Australians to purchasing fashion brands use the website. It is essential for the website to be of high quality and professionally developed in order to manage the work efficiently. References Andam, Z.R., 2014. e-Commerce and e-Business. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Google Books. (2016).Managing E-commerce in Business. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id - [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Hartono, E., Holsapple, C.W., Kim, K.Y., Na, K.S. and Simpson, J.T., 2014. Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation.Decision Support Systems,62, pp.11-21. Huang, Z. and Benyoucef, M., 2013. From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), pp.246-259. Mohapatra, S., 2013. E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Theiconic.com.au. (2016).THE ICONIC Delivery | THE ICONIC Shipping Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.theiconic.com.au/shipping-policy/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015.Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. Webprofits.com.au. (2016).A review of THE ICONIC's online marketing strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.webprofits.com.au/blog/the-iconic/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].

STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PAREN

STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PARENTS Researchers at the University of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social service professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three to six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is video-taped and later analyzed. The researchers have developed a system which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in disciplinary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. "It's a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behaviour," explains Oldershaw. As a result of their work, Walters and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. 'Harsh/intrusive' mothers are excessively harsh and constantly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedient child. A 'covert/hostile' mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant attacks on the child's self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage his mothe r's attention and win her approval. An 'emotionally detached' mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the child's activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics which set him apart from other children. In order to put together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother/child interaction and their perception and feelings. For instance, Walters and Oldershaw take into account the mother's sense of herself as a parent and her impression of her child. The researchers also try to determine the child's perception of himself or herself and of the parent. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for parents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior towa rd her child. One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents. "Recidivism rates for abusive care-givers are high," says Walters. "To a large extent, abusive parents which require a variety of treatment. " Their research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Contact: Gary Walters (416)978-7814 Lynn Oldershaw (416)978-3528

Life on the Line essays

Life on the Line essays For thousands of years, and generations upon generations, humans have faced decisions of life and death. Many times these decisions are based upon religion, superstition, and politics. Now we come to a junction in the social evolution of man, where we have the ability to take giant steps forward in the development of medicine and we stumble with our resolve to help everyone, based on ideologies of religion, ethics and politics. I would like to ask why, the full funding of stem cell research by the U.S. government should not proceed. In order to achieve the great breakthroughs in curing many diseases burdening all societies throughout the world, shouldnt we continue experimentation? Should we expect financial help from the federal government? In a report by B.A. Robinson, a stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Research using stem cells has been authorized in Britain, but was halted in the U.S. by President George W. Bush. Bush decided on 2001-AUG-9 to allow research to start again in government labs, but restricted research to use only existing lines of stem cells. Research continues in U.S. private labs and in both government and private labs in the UK, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries. In an article for Newsweek by Sharon Begley, there appears to be three main sources for stem cells. "Spare embryos" embryos leftover after a couple's in-vitro fertilization procedure is completed ...

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra show a marked sensitivity to such important features of chemical structure as carbon hybridization, the electronegativity of heteroatoms, branching and steric crowding. Potentially, CMR is an extremely rich source of structural data in organic chemistry, capable of rivaling or even surpassing proton magnetic resonance. In the research proposed here, we intend to develop this potential in the field of steroid chemistry. The factors which determine the CMR spectra of steroids are only modestly well understood. We have begun, and propose here to continue, a systematic study of families of closely-related steroids (keto- and hydroxy-androstanes and cholestanes) with the conviction that only through such a systematic study can the basic factors governing the CMR spectra of steroids be brought to light. We intend to quantify those factors as predictive rules which relate spectra to structures and to develop computerized methods for using t hose rules to extract structural information from the CMR spectra of unknown steroids. We also propose to develop several chemical methods (derivatization procedures) for augmenting the information-content of such spectra. Within the last twenty years, the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance†2 (NMR) has evolved from little more than a laboratory curiosity to one of the most powerful analytical tools in chemistry. The experiment itself consists of observing, in an applied magnetic field, the resonance frequencies (in the radio-frequency range) of magnetic nuclei in a liquid chemical sample. The analysis of NMR spectra yields chemical shifts and coupling constants which reflect, respectively, the chemical environments of and the bonding or spatial relationships between atoms whose nuclei are magnetic. Because protons are magnetic, interacting particularly strongly with electromagnetic fields, and because they are present in virtually all organic compounds, proton NMR (PMR) has found broad usefulness in organic chemistry. The literature on PMR spectroscopy is huge, and frequently it is found that PMR spectra yield chemical information which would be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by an y other method. The determination of structure and conformation, 394 the analysis of mixtures, 435 the study of rate processes6 and the elucidation of reaction mechanisms 7 have all been aided substantially by PMR techniques. Other nuclei frequently observed via NMR are F-19, P-31 and C-13. The first two are not common inorganic compounds and are thus used for more specialized studies. Carbon, by definition, occurs in all organic molecules, but only about 1isotope C-13. This, together with the fact that C-13 nuclei are almost two orders of magnitude less sensitive than protons to the NMP experiment, has hampered the widespread use of C-13 NMR (CMR) as an analytical tool for organic chemists. However, recent instrumental 8 advances such as pulsed Fourier transform techniques and 9-l 1 noise-modulated proton decoupling have made it possible to obtain natural-abundance CMR spectra of even large molecules (e.g., steroids) or low-concentration (ca. 0.05 M) samples within a reasonably short time (0.5 10 hr.). The research to date 12 indicates that C-13 chemical shifts (which constitute the primary data usually collected in the CMR experiment) cover a broad range (ca. 200 p.p.m.) relative to H-l shifts (ca. 10 – P.P.m.1, and are highly sensitive to hybridization, the electronegativity of substituents, branching, and steric crowding. Thus CMR spectroscopy is pote ntially a rich and highly useful source of structural data. As further advances in instrumental design take place, CMR spectroscopy will become an increasingly available and informative tool in organic chemistry. OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE The research proposed herein is directed toward understanding the factors which determine C-13 chemical shifts in steroids and toward developing computer-based methods whereby a chemist can obtain structural information from spectra of unknown steroids. This class of compounds was chosen for two reasons. First, the steroid skeleton is more or less rigid, providing a relatively controlled framework within which to study the effects of steric hindrance and other geometrical factors upon C-13 shifts. Second, a great fraction of steroid and natural products chemistry involves the identification or verification of steroid structures, and thus we expect our results to be of significant practical utility. At the current level of understanding of C-13 chemical shifts, it is not now possible to predict the CMR spectrum of a given steroid with much certainty, although by referring to simple model systems, one can often rationalize the signs and general magnitudes of the spectral changes which take place when the nature and position of substituents are altered. It is now a challenging problem simply to assign the spectrum of a known steroid, that is to identify which observed peaks belong to which carbons. The first definitive study of the CMR of steroids was presented only four years ago by Roberts et al. 13 – In that report, the assigned spectra of nearly thirty assorted steroids are presented, with the assignment task accomplished ’I using specific single- frequency and off-resonance proton decoupling, hydroxyl acetylation effects on chemical shifts, deuteration, and substituent influences in analogous -6- compounds.† Since then, several other authors 14 have reported research on the CMR of steroids, but only recently has the systematic study 15,16 of families of closely related steroids begun. We have reported 16 the assigned spectra of fourteen keto-substituted androstanes and cholestanes, where the keto group occupies every possible position around the skeleton. We are currently collecting data on a similar series of hydroxy-substituted steroids, and work is also in 17 progress on the series of steroids containing one endocyclic double-bond. The initial stage or our proposed research is to complete the hydroxyl series and to obtain the CMR spectra of several bifunctional (e.g., dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy) steroids. With such a collection of systematic data available, we will be able to study the influence upon C-13 shifts of these three types of functionality, alone and in combination, which are by far the most common types occur-ing in natural steroids. From these data, we expect to be able to extract rules which will allow the accurate prediction of CNR spectra of steroids containing these groups. Zffrcher’*-20 has derived an extremely useful set of rules relating skeletal substitutions in steroids to changes in the PMR shifts of protons in angular methyl groups. The C-13 rules we seek will relate not only to angular methyl groups but to all carbons in the skeleton, and will thus provide a great deal more information than the Zircher rules. These CNK rules will also form the base for our proposed work in the computerized interpretation of CNR data (vide infra). – As the second portion of our work, we propose a study of reversible derivatization procedures which will aid in the assignment of the spectra of known steroids, and in the analysis of the spectra of unknown -7- steroids. Roberts and co-workers 13 have found that acetylation of a hydroxyl group in a steroid produces characteristic changes, due primarily to steric effects, in the shifts of carbons close to that group. They have used this effect in assigning such shifts. We propose to study the effects of other hydroxyl-group derivatives, specifically, the 2,4,6- trimethylbenzene (benzoates themselves, in our hands, have not shown any advantages over acetates), trifluoroacetate and the trimethylsilyl ether. These derivatives have different steric and electronic properties than do acetates, and should thus produce different patterns of spectral change, providing a convenient means of augmenting the information-content of ordinary CMR spectra. We also propose to observe the C-13 shift changes which take place upon cyclic ketalization of carbonyl groups, and we expect that such changes will be useful in determining the local environment of keto groups on steroids. It has been found 21,22 that the presence of a paramagnetic complexing agent (e.g., a †lanthanide shift† reagent) causes large changes in C-13 chemical shifts of alcohols and ketones. These changes can be related to the geometry of the complex, which reflects the geometry of the Alcohol or ketone itself. We intend to explore the use of such shift-reagents in assisting the interpretation of steroidal CHR spectra. Of particular interest will be the difference between JA- and p-hydroxy steroids: It is expected that the grossly different steric environments of axial vs. equatorial hydroxyl groups will have a pronounced effect upon the geometry of the complex, and thus, very different lanthanide shift patterns should result. If so, the effect should provide a convenient means for distinguishing the stereochemistry of sterols. -8- A third facet of the proposed research involves the development of computerized techniques for automatically extracting structural information from CMR spectra. This represents a logical growth of our Heuristic DENDRAL project, 23-28 an eight-year joint effort between our laboratories and the Departments of Genetics and Computer Science. The purpose of the project is to develop applications of heuristic programming (†artificial intelligence†) to problems in chemical inference, with the bulk of the effort directed toward the computerized interpretation of mas s-spectroscopic (MS) data. In the early DENDRAL research, 24,25 only saturated, acyclic, monofunctional compounds were treated, but we have recently reported the successful identification of the structures cf estrogenic steroids 25 (and mixtures thereof 27 ) via the computerized interpretation of MS data. As the complexity of compound classes has increased, we have felt a growing need for sources of structural data other than MS. CMR data show a sensitivity to stereochemistry and substituent placement which complements, rather than duplicates, MS-derived information, and thus CMR is the ideal candidate. We have demonstrated 28 the feasibility of using CMR data in automated structure analysis. Using a detailed and accurate set of predictive rules 29 for saturated, acyclic amines, we have constructed a computer program which can †reason out† the structure of such an amine, starting from its empirical formula and CMR spectrum. A similar effort is proposed for the steroids (at least, those containing endocyclic double bonds, carbonyl groups and hydroxyl substituents) in which structural information would be inferred from CMR data using accurate predictive rules. This information could then be integrated with the results obtained from derivatization or special CMR techniques, 9- and (if necessary) from MS analysis to yield possible structures. Not only would such a system have substantial utility, but it would represent an important advance in the †state of the art† in both CMR spectroscopy and chemical information-processing. A. CMR Spectra of Steroids We plan to complete the series of sterols by synthesizing [emailprotected], [emailprotected], 74-, 9+, lbc-, 14ti-, 16x- and 176- androstanols or cholestanols, whose CMR spectra (pulsed Fourier-transform spectra, obtained at 25 Mhz. using noise modulated proton decoupling) will be recorded and assigned. We have worked out likely synthetic pathways for the preparation of these using commonly accepted procedures and starting from compounds available in our laboratories. In order to test the extent of additivity relationships and of various interactions of substituents, we shall similarly synthesize and record the spectra of two or three dozen dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy androstanes and cholestanes. The candidates chosen will depend upon the results of the analysis of the monofunctional steroids. Using statistical procedures similar to those of Dalling and Grant, 30 and of Lindeman and Adams, 31 we shall attempt to correlate s/structural variables with chemical shifts, the goal being the derivation of an accurate set of substituent parameters for steroids. In assessing the effects of steric crowding and skeletal distortion, we plan to utilize a computerized, classical-mechanical model of the molecular structure, such as the Westheimer-type models recently reviewed by Schleyer. B. Derivatization We propose to analyze the changes in C-13 shifts which take place when the hydroxyl group in several of the above androstanols and cholestanols is derivatized to the 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, trifluoroacetate and trimethylsilyl ether. We propose similarly to investigate the effects of ketalizing (with ethylene glycol) several androstenone and cholestanones. We propose to analyze the effects of lanthanide shift reagents (in varying concentrations) upon the CMR spectra of several of the hydroxy- and keto-steroids, with particular emphasis upon pairs of sterols which differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group. These investigations will be directed toward the development of a repertoire of non-destructive, chemical methods for increasing the ’information available from CMR spectra. C. Computerized Interpretation of CMR data There are three phases to our proposed research in this area, all of which will make use of the heuristic programming techniques developed in our DENDRAL project. First, we intend to develop a program to assist in the assignment of spectra obtained in; arts A and B, using currently available techniques (i.e., using rules for acyclic systems together with analogies from appropriate model systems). The purpose here is twofold: On one hand, such a program will hasten a time-consuming procedure (in our work, the assignment of spectra requires about as much time as the preparation of samples and the recording of spectra, combined), while on the other hand, it will provide a context within which to develop techniques applicable to the more difficult problem of structure identification. Specifically, we will need methods for express; ing CMR rules as efficient computer code, and for deciding whether a good, unambiguous fit occurs between predicted and observed data. Secondly, we intend to u tilize the rules derived in part A, together with derivatization information from B, to write what is called a †planning† program in the DENDRAL terminology. Such a program is designed to examine the spectrum of an unknown and, referring to a set of heuristics, to attempt to verify the presence or absence of specific structural features in the unknown. Whereas the predictive rules allow one to predict a spectrum from a given structure, the heuristics represent transformations of the rules which allow one to infer structural information from a given spectrum. The primary challenge in constructing the planning program will be the design of heuristics which are as informative as possible, yet which run efficiently. This program will be a useful analytic tool in itself and will be used in the third phase of our proposed research. This third phase will involve merging the planning program with the existing DENDRAL system, which analyzes MS data for steroids. Modifications will be made to the structure generation program, which can construct all possible sets of acyclic substituents from a given set of atoms and attach those substituents in all possible ways to a given cyclic skeleton. The structure generator now makes use of IISplanner information, constructing only those steroids which are consistent with it. We shall modify the algorithm to make use of the output from both the MS and the CMR planners, and shall extend the algorithm to consider questions of stereochemistry, which are currently ignored. We believe that the augmented DENDRAL s ystem will have the capacity to identify, unambiguously, the structures of a wide variety of steroids using information from just these two spectroscopic sources. The programs will be written in the LISP language, and will thus be compatible with the rest of the DENDRAL system. Computer time on the PDP-10 will be provided through the NIH-funded SUMEX facility at Stanford, and we request no support in this proposal for computer facilities. Programs developed in our proposed research will be available to the scientific community over the ARPA computer network.

International Relations - Research Project with Outline Paper

International Relations - Project with Outline - Research Paper Example Periodically, a striving nuclear program pursued in Teheran during the year of 1970. As per the contemporaneous documents of US, it was apparently mentioned that the nuclear ambition of Iran was intensely focused on producing 10-20 nuclear power reactors and more than 20,000 megawatts of nuclear power by the year of 1994. The nuclear power of Iran was commenced as a light-water nuclear power reactor to be placed near the city of Bushehr. Effectively, uranium enrichment technology and producing nuclear weapons has also been instigated in the city of Teheran1. There are certain reasons that can be identified behind embarking nuclear programs within the countries. According to the present scenario, the global countries seek to adopt the nuclear programs for effective and instant security and thereby protect it from external security threats. Furthermore, the nuclear programs adopted by countries are often considered as an establishment of apparent coercions and distrust within the global environment which in turn increases the threat of global sustainability by a considerable extent2. The leadership phenomenon of Iran has been consistently taking place in international debates concerning its nuclear ambition. It is in this context that several well-argued statements in relation to Iran’s acquisition of nuclear programs have been commented by various national as well as international leaders. With this concern, the problem can be identified apparently referring to the steps of nuclear ambition taken by Iran with its international relationships. For instance, the unidentifiable effects of nuclear hostilities are also regarded as an important aspect for giving rise to security concerns amid other countries. The strapping international pressure forced Iran to provisionally freeze the uranium fortification activities and to develop the inspection of its nuclear power organising alliances with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the year 20033. The

Journal Article Critques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journal Article Critques - Essay Example The study also established that the concepts between childhood obesity varied significantly from one region to another. There seems to be no consensus on the available body of knowledge on the subject of obesity and overweight in children. The study also acknowledges the difficulties involved in reaching an international consensus regarding the terms to be used in the definition of obesity and overweight among children. According to the study, some general terms have been used in the definition although there seems to specific differences even within the common terms. The study cites the example of Body Mass Index (BMI), which is a standard measure of determining obesity. According to the study, this BMI determines the manner in which a particular study explores the levels of obesity within a particular context. The cit-off point in the BMI has often varied from the percentile points of 85th and 97th. The results from this study illustrate clearly the levels of conflict associated wi th the definition of obesity in children. However, the study seems to develop some points of general consensus between the various issues that tie on the matter of childhood obesity in children. ... hat it seems to anchor its assumptions on some of the already known effects of obesity in terms of how it affects the development of children matters. This may not add new knowledge to the nurse practitioner since the common definitions have been overly exhausted by the research arena. Variations in perceptions seem to attach to the specific aspects as included within the general factors of the definition. However, the broad definitions of obesity, according to the terms of this study, coalesce around some common points. Notably, this study comes out strongly by bringing into perspective some of the problematic issues that are related to the definition of obesity in children. It also makes the point about the need for increased research into the manifestation of obesity in children. This point is drawn from a general concern that the traditional definition of obesity has tended to curve out certain demographic factors while ignoring others. For instance, the term obesity has traditio nally been associated with certain age brackets, and people of some specific socio-economic statuses. On this score, this study challenges some of these assumptions by providing or suggesting an expansion on the frame of reference within which alternative and more comprehensive definitions of childhood obesity could be understood. Therefore, the article becomes an important mind opener and prepares the nurse practitioner for further research into the area of concern. The study conducted by Kumar (2012) sought to explore the prevalence, manifestation, interventions, and common challenges associated with obesity in children. The study identifies childhood obesity as a crisis of public health around the world. The study observes that the prevalence of childhood obesity has been on the rise in

architecture :: essays research papers

1. Introduction. Northlands rapidly increasing growth in population over the last few years has put huge pressure on the building industry. Many of the building companies and businesses simply cannot find enough staff in order to meet the demand from the ever increasing client base the region is seeing. Due to this, the demand for civil engineers in Northland is very high thus there are a large number of small privately owned companies set up in the area. Richardson Stevens Consultants Ltd. is a privately owned company which is run by three directors. They specialise in structural engineering and their main cliental are a number of home building franchises. They employ structural engineers who have studied civil engineering at university and also draftsmen. Working as an engineer for such a company gives the employee a whole understanding of how the company is run and managed, how problems are dealt with and the rewards of finishing major assignments on time and to a professional standard. 2. Company Structure / Products and Services Richardson Stevens Consultants Ltd. (RSC) was founded in 1997, originally they had one director and employed three structural engineers and a draftsman. It now employs nine engineers, three draftsmen, two secretaries and is run by three directors. The company is based in Whangarei and their work comes from throughout the Northland region. 2.1 Products and Services The majority of the work that RSC perform is structural engineering, however they also do a small amount of geotechnical engineering. As there is no specialist geotech engineer in the office, they have to hand on a lot of their work to offices such as Tonkin Taylor who do have geotechnical engineers. The company does a lot of domestic work for home building franchises such as GJ Gardener homes and Golden homes. Typically this would involve a site investigation first to determine the ground conditions and then make calculations based on these conditions as to what foundations are required. The housing companies all have plans pre-drawn and they sell these to the client. However the clients always want to change something around a bit, so before the housing company can go ahead and build, they come to RSC who do structural calculations in order to determine if the change is ok. RSC also do a lot of work with subdivisions. These involve the civil engineers in the office rather than the structural engineers. Before building consent can be granted to a sub-divider, RSC has to design the roading, sewer, storm-water and the surface drainage.

Christopher Columbus a Villain Essay

Should a man whose actions created a wave of genocide and killed thousands of innocent natives be considered a hero? In today’s time, Christopher Columbus is known through the United States as the one who found the country we currently live in. But is that actually true? Over many years, his history has sparked a day that is a remembrance of his â€Å"discovery†. I believe that he is the mastermind behind the genocide of over 250,000 Native Americans, while others believe that he was only a man with a passion for exploring. I personally believe that Christopher Columbus had not a single good intention when he first stepped foot on the Americas back in his time and showed negative glory for his nation, discovery and personal glory. Christopher Columbus found the Americas, but today he takes credit for discovering a new world. Native Americans had been living in civilizations across North and South America long before Columbus had â€Å"discovered† it. This journey has now ruined many of those enslaved, and impacted as well as his precious reputation. With his expedition, he exposed countries to new disease, violence, and slavery. His â€Å"discovery† led him to ruin the America’s of its natives and its resources. These horrible actions should be added to Columbus’s reputation, which shows him to be a villain in American history. Christopher Columbus had evil intentions from the start of his voyage when he promised to repay, Spanish monarch and founder of Columbus’s travels, with gold, spice, and other servants. When he first arrived in what he thought was Asia, he quickly gathered the natives and introduced them to slavery. He also returned to Europe with the Native American’s possessions. In a resource I studied clearly and bias freely I read the following:† †¦, a sailor called Rodrigo saw the moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. The first man to sight land was supposed to get a large reward, but Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed that he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward. We humans today know that when something new comes into the picture, something old must come out. No matter which side people choose, they all agree that Columbus made a major impact on the Americas.

Marketing in Practice - Cadbury Company in the UK Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Understanding consumer motivation and behavior is not an option- it is an absolute necessity for competitive survival (Engel, Blackwell and Miniard, 1986). Gummesson (1994) has proposed that successful management of process demands that the seller emphasizes the use of customer behavior data for bonding the seller to the customer as the basis for sustaining purchase loyalty. Here in the case of Cadbury, due to unsafe product (chocolate) supply to shops and failing to immediately inform the authorities after discovering the traces of food poisoning, which ultimately triggered salmonella outbreak has affected the image of Cadbury and due to this incident, consumers may lose trust in its products. Court observations and actual food poisoning and salmonella outbreak, as well as reporting of incidents in the media, adversely affected the Cadbury overall image. Concerns of executives due to this incidence are that the buyers may lose trust and it may harm the overall sale of Cadbury prod ucts apart from the losses due to infected products and court proceedings and compensation. So there is a need to start of an image building program for Cadbury and for that purpose, one has to take research about consumer s attitudes and opinions about the Cadbury brand. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing in Practice - Cadbury Company in the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Consumer s suggestions may be obtained through conducting a questionnaire survey at retailers point. Another way to find out consumers view is through suggestion boxes at retailers point as well as through telephones or E-mails.

External Characteristics Of Personality - 1044 Words

Personality consists of different traits that each individual embodies. Each personality is composed of a diverse variety of traits and characteristics that are influenced by our environment, upbringing, experiences, and personal attributes we have attained throughout our lives. These are examples of both external and internal characteristics. External characteristics include the environment and surroundings an individual is amerced in. Internal characteristics include traits such as introversion and extroversion, agreeableness, competence, etc. Self-understanding is how your external characteristics influence your internal characteristics, and vice versa. This gives us an introspect of the reasoning behind our individual personalities.†¦show more content†¦My results for offbeat show that I play things too safe and am unable to accept change. My score for thinking indicated that I have an inability to make long-term goals or plans. The result for interpersonal depicted sugg ested that I enjoy serving others but could potentially ignore my own needs in the long run. The vital scores showed that I have poor mental and/or physical health. Lastly, my results for easygoing suggested that I am often stressed, exhausted and have anxiety. I would have to disagree with most of the results of this particular personality test. In my personal opinion, I am quite the opposite of materialistic. All my life I have always gone by the idea that things are just things, and don’t hold the value of my life. In terms of mental health, I have suffered from depression and anxiety which I still seem to struggle with, however I find myself to continue to be hard-working, determined, and independent which I believe will help me in completing my long-term goals. In conclusion, I see some accuracy in my results for this test, however disagree with most of the results. At this moment in time, my personality traits have a lot to do with my surrounding environment. I am a college student who both goes to school and work which often leads to a lot of stress and anxiety as shown in the results of the MOTIV test. My tendency to be on the â€Å"safe side†Show MoreRelatedThe Mega Marketing Of Depression1412 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is the result from how an organization resolved external issues and established a code of conduct for the society to use as a guideline. Culture is created and maintained through the repetition of stories and behavior. It is never definite because it is continually being modified to match current trends, however, historical principles still remain. Watters’ The Mega Mega-Marketing of Depression in Japan compare and contrast the American culture to the Japanese and it illustrates how the differenceRead MoreBandura Was A Firm Believer Of Social Learning969 Words   |  4 PagesBandura would say someone was hea lthy or had a well-developed personality, if they grew up or only put themselves in a non-hostile environment. Bandura was concerned about social surroundings, and felt this was the way a healthy personality was molded. Bandura also believed that behaviors can affect a person’s physical environment. Bandura developed a model called Reciprocity in the Relationship between Personal Factors, Behaviors, and the External Environment. According to this model, cognitions and internalRead MoreDifferent Types Of Personality Behavior1375 Words   |  6 PagesCharacteristics of copers vary in many ways depending on the person and the situation. Characteristics such as having awareness, a strong internal locus of control, a view of self as a survivor, certain personality types, hardiness, optimistic beliefs, spiritual beliefs and the ability to ask for help when needed are traits of people who can cope effectively. These people use their skills and strengths to cope. Non-copers do no t have these traits therefore they do not have access to natural orRead MorePersonality, Psychology, And Humanistic Approach1362 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality in a Nutshell Personality is looked at everyday purposely and accidently. Whether you are judging how your new professor for the semester will be, or if you are studying your best friend for a project, personality is studied abundantly. While there are many ways to define personality, there is not a worldwide definition around. Personality is the unique combination of patterns that influence behavior, thought, motivation, and emotion in a human being (boundless.com). 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The French Revolution - 1191 Words

The French Revolutions Moderate Phase lasted from 1789 to 1792, in time the Third Estate got a lot of power through the people of France. A constitution was written by the National Assembly for France that worked to change multiple things that people in the Third Estate found wrong with the French government, and monarchy was one of the main concerns addressed in the constitution. For a considerably long deal of time prior to the revolution, All of France was separated into different provinces, which were ordered into 83 departments, all of them had resembling population and area. To advertise the trade between departments even better, internal trade barriers were terminated, and the many forms of measurements and weights between areas were eradicated in favor of a single unifying system, we call this single unifying system today the metric system. At this time, several other countries were scared that people might question their own rule, so in order to thwart this possibility, many monarchs decided to go to war against France, trying to restore the monarchy this fighting led to the Radical Phase. In 1793, the revolution went into a radical phase. For an entire year, France went through one of the bloodiest regimes in its history as persistent leaders tried to prolong and keep the revolution. In 1793, January 21, it sent Louis XVI, sentenced to death because of crimes and treason against the state, to the guillotine; his wife Marie-Antoinette had to go through the sameShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasantsRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class conflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, and

The Author of “Facing It” Free Essays

The way one speaks and acts coming out of war is traumatic not only to the human body but the mind as well. If we the reader didn’t know that the author of â€Å"Facing It† Yusef Komunyakaa, was a war veteran, I would guarantee that after reading his poem you would have concluded that he was. What is striking about his work it that Yusef uses words that you wouldn’t typical put together to make you understand what he, the writer is seeing and facing- hence the poem â€Å"Facing It†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Author of â€Å"Facing It† or any similar topic only for you Order Now By reading the poem in your head or even out loud you could tell that the author’s tone of voice is very heartbroken, he feels this conflicting pain within himself, that could only be expressed through poetry. Yusef explains his feelings and what he’s experiencing out side post-war. His work depicts a certain metaphor in which he talks about the Vietnam veteran memorial wall, as like a mirror in which he’s not in or on. As a result of that, he writes them down as poems and comes up with beautiful analogies, that from a psychological critique, raises questions about what he is trying to convey throughout the war. Psychology is a way for humans to find the deeper meaning behind a person’s word. As I break down Yusef’s poem and try to find the deeper meaning, I will not only be talking about his internal struggle between his experience with war, but also the internal battle that Yusef faces between him and himself, and how he work to overcome it. The very first verse in Yusef poem â€Å"My black face fades, hiding inside the black granite, I said I wouldn’t dammit: no tears I am stone I am flesh†.(lines 1-3) Starts off by not only talking about his race but psychologically his memory as well. According to Floyd, Pilar analyzed version of â€Å"Facing It† Yusef face fades into the granite of the memorial. He looks back upon his memories and sees them as black and white- as humans tend to do in dreams. He sees the white engraved names on the black granite. When relating the two together, he explains how he is hiding- he can not see himself in the black granite, not only because of his pigment but because he feels strongly and more guilty that his name isn’t up on that wall unlike the rest of his fellow soldiers. â€Å"No tears I am stone I am flesh†(line 4) can only refer to the idea that he like the granite is stone. However because he is alive he remains this warm living flesh that is capable of crying even though he refers to himself as stone. Yusef uses metaphors and analogies as a way from hiding his true self. We wants to remain strong- stone, but alas he is struggling between to states he’d like to be in: life or death. Not only is this a battle for Yuself, we begin to see a battle that struggles between Yusef and himself when coming to terms with reality. â€Å"My clouded reflections eyes me†( line 5 ). Clouded meaning the tears that are progressing, or this idea that Yuself himself is clouded. When someone stands far away from a reflection, there image becomes clouded, as if it were disappearing, and in this case Yusef wanted to, but the granite was standing in his way, along with himself. As the reader I took this to mean he was accepting himself and the war, therefor backing away from it. When the statement eyes it â€Å"eyes me† meaning its looking back, can mean that his reflection is looking back at him or he is looking within himself. He realized and expected that its the granite thats not moving, its him who has to walk away but can not. Yuself is a victim of war † like a bird of prey†( line 7 )he is victimizing himself and the names on the granite are what’s analyzing him. Emotional, everything becomes a reminder to a victim of war. According to Floyd, Pilar he’s accepting that wherever he goes there will always be a reminder, it’s not escaping him. Yusef is getting a sense of his surroundings. â€Å"I turn this way- the stone lets me go†( line 8 ) he turns the other way and there is the memorial again. As he tries to walk away, he is realizing there is no walking away, because he’s always capable of turning in another direction and ending up back where he left off. From a psychological standpoint, I would say not only does he not want to be apart from the memorial but he is also accepting to the idea that is ok to turn around and not stare into it for a while. Just as he is about to walk away he comes rights back and realizes how many names are upon the memorial. â€Å"I go down 58,022 names half-expecting to find my own in letters like smoke†( line 15 ). There is a sense of guilt in this sentence, you can almost feel that he wants his name there but also he doesn’t. I say this because Yusef uses the term smoke. Smoke meaning a hundred different reason, but in this case smoke can mean something clear. According to Floyd, Pilar she states that in this cause the word smoke means easily attainable and easy enough to disappear. Here you can see that Yusef is struggling with himself, he feels this sense of responsibility and guilt. As a living individuale, Yusef like smoke can vanish and reappear when he pleases, unlike those names on the wall that will that will never. With this it gives Yusef this reassurance that he is truly alive because his name cannot be found on that list. However he still is a victim and struggles everyday with this thought of violence and lose. To people like us it’s a wall with names, to Yusef it’s an important memory. Once again Yusef finds himself in a mental state, similar to the one in the beginning of the poem. Where he is considering the possibilities of life and death, the internal struggle between him and himself. Yusef sees a veteran come out of the wall and rush through him, as talked about in class this image that Yusef see’s is similar to what could be a ghost. As stated in an analyzed version of â€Å"Facing It† Floyd, Pillars take on this statement she says that Yusef like the veteran with one arm has also lost something from the war, that being his piece of mind. I took this to mean that Yusef walks though life day by day struggling still because the difference between what we think is a ghost and Yusef himself, is that Yusef still lives. † In the black mirror a woman trying to erase names, no she is brushing a boys hair†( line 29) This was a very difficult analogy to break down, however as the reader, I read it to mean that Yusef is having a difficult time distinguishing the difference between memories from the war and memories of life. He wants to believe that everything is going to be ok and that nobody is hurt, but that’s not the case. He wants to be like everyone else, but he can’t. Why can’t other be more like him? From here on end Yusef’s every move, every statement, and every action will be an impact from his decisions and his actions from the war. He lives life trying to find the difference between fantasy and reality, the difference between life and death, and what he expresses in his last stanza is that nobody will understand and not many people care, unless they themselves are like Yusef. As a result Yusef faces with many psychological struggles, but like many they take time to comprehend and understand. Throughout the poem you see how Yusef fluctuates his emotions about what he sees and feels while looking at the memorial. Yusef faces many things, because the war in himself and in his head isn’t over. He attempts to overcome the nightmares and grief he faces, but concludes that’ll unlike many people, he has a privilege of understand the importance of this piece of granite, that many don’t seem to appreciate. Each stanza of Yusef’s poem is a way of expressing his internal battle. Each idea shows that Yusef is trying to overcome something in himself but looking at everything though different perspectives. At one point he’s a bird looking at himself, next his image fades into the black granite. Yusef stands on this fine line between life and death and attempts to break down the difference between the two given his struggle. In learning that it’s he who holds him back, Yusef learns to live with the way he looks and faces life. Getting back to the real world is just as difficult as being in war. Yusef seems to understand the meaning of everything but just doesn’t understand why it has to be like that which is why he is internally struggling with himself. How to cite The Author of â€Å"Facing It†, Papers

Drug Abuse Among Professional Athletes Essay Example For Students

Drug Abuse Among Professional Athletes Essay Drug abuse among professional basketball players is a problem as old as time. In some circumstances it may not be the athletes fault. For example when they are treating a minor cough or a cold, the medications used will sometimes contain small amounts of alcohol. On the other hand some athletes purposely abuse drugs for a variety of reasons. Some attempt to cover up the presence of other drug abuse but most abuse drugs because they will enhance their performance. The most common abused drugs in professional basketball are: anabolic steroids, marijuana, and amphetamines. Each drug has its own effect on performance, and disciplinary actions. When an athlete uses anabolic steroids, they usually feel that they will give them a competitive advantage over their opponents. If you think that only football players, weightlifters, and sprinters take steroids your wrong. Steroids are designed to mimic the bodybuilding traits of testosterone. The exact effects of anabolic on the athlete and athletic performance remain controversial but some test results have shown that steroids affect the professional basketball players performance in different ways. Steroids are said to make the athlete feel more energized, more aggressive, and able to train harder. When athletes choose to abuse anabolic steroids it also results in disciplinary actions if they are tested positive by the league. Three types of testing in professional basketball are reasonable cause, first-year, and veteran testing. If any player tests positive for the first time during any of the three tests, they will be suspended for five games. A second offense for anabolic steroid abuse will result in a ten-game suspension and a third offense will result in a twenty-five game suspension. The National Basketball Association will release any player if they are convicted of, or plead guilty to a crime involving the use or possession of steroids. Marijuana is the most widely used of the illicit drugs in the National Basketball Association. Marijuana has many negative affects to using it: it impairs skills requiring eye-hand coordination and fast reaction time. It also reduces motor coordination, tracking ability, and perceptual accuracy. When using marijuana you may have side affects such as difficulty concentrating and times where you are in dreamlike situations that seem unreal to you. It is known as a ;motivational syndrome; and has many direct affects to athletic performance. Apathy, impaired judgment, loss of ambition, and an inability to carry out long-term plans characterize the motivational syndrome. Just like steroid abuse has its consequences and disciplinary actions so does marijuana abuse. Marijuana also has the same three testing methods as steroids have: reasonable cause, first-year, and veteran. For a first offense of marijuana possession or use, the player will be required to enter the substance abuse program with no suspension or fine. On a second offense, the player will be fined $15,000 and be required to re-enter the program. A third offense will result in a five game suspension and another entry into the program. Any further abuse of marijuana will not result in any disqualification from the National Basketball Association but a further suspension will be prearranged. Amphetamines are used to delay the point of fatigue in athletes workouts, to which they will be able to withstand more exercise and competition. Amphetamines do not create extra physical and mental energy. They are significant for distorting the players perception of reality and impairing judgment, which may cause an athlete to participate while injured, possibly leading to worse injuries and putting others at risk. Various tests that have been conducted on professional basketball players suggest that amphetamine use can enhance skills which play a key roll in athletic performance. The skills include: speed, power, endurance, concentration, and fine motor coordination. Some athletes will use amphetamine because they feel that it will give them a competitive advantage over other players. .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .postImageUrl , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:hover , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:visited , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:active { border:0!important; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:active , .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8fbaa17ee24a60e5b3af8d62e11acc3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Power, Propoganda In Communist China Essay Along with the other two drugs mentioned, amphetamine abuse has its consequences. The same three tests are administered for amphetamines as used in steroid and marijuana. Unlike steroid and marijuana abuse, there is rarely a second chance after using amphetamines or any of its analogs, cocaine, LSD, opiates, or PCP. If amphetamines are found during any of the testing methods, the player will .

On the Road free essay sample

An analysis of Jack Kerouacs novel On the Road. The paper discusses the core theme and purpose of Jack Kerouacs novel On the Road which was published in 1957. The novel is essentially about the authors trips to various parts of the country in search of wisdom and truth. This paper focuses on the actual purpose of the journey and finds out if the writer was finally able to reach his destination or not. The paper also discusses the Beat generation briefly and explains why it was difficult for people to understand the theme of the novel when it first appeared in 1950s. On the Road is one of the most widely read books that emerged out of the Beat generation of the 1950s. To understand On the Road better, it is important to delve deeper in the society and culture of the time when Americans were increasingly looking for an alternative lifestyle and in their quest for something unique and different, they experimented with everything that appeared wild and adventurous. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack Kerouac was one important beats icon and in his book, he has essentially talked about the journey that took him to different parts of the country. The author has not discussed this journey as simply a vacation trip; there is something intensely deep and meaningful in his travel chronicles. He was not precisely interested in visiting various parts of the country but his journey actually reflects a disturbed soul and mind looking for some stability in unpredictable and uncertain times.

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essay Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essaySecond language acquisition is a complex processwhich depends on a number of factors, such as cognitive development, cultural background, personal abilities, motivation, socio-economic background, age and the level of native language acquisition. Age is one of the important factors which influence second language acquisition. In addition, the age has strong influence on the level of native language acquisition and thus has additional meaning for the study process. Multiple researches have been performed in order to trace the relations between the age and second language acquisition. All these studies agree that age has an extremely important influence on language learning and that different researches in this field may greatly contribute to the theory and practice of second language acquisition. A lot of authors such as Ellis (2008), Larsen-Freeman (2008) and Mayberry and Lock (2003) state that younger learners are more successful in language study than aged ones.   The interconnection between age and second language acquisition is evident and it is necessary to trace peculiarities of this connection. This study aims to trace correlation between the success of language acquisition and learners’ age.FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONIt is important to explain the notion of second language acquisition. Under this process specialists understand the process of acquiring other but foreign language. Studies in this field are concerned with the investigation of the process where learner acquires any other but his first language. This process can occur both – in the natural surrounding and in the form of the organized study process.   The time of the beginning of study may differ significantly and may thus influence the results of the learning.First of all, it is necessary to distinguish factors which influence the learning process when it comes to second language acquisi tion. Different specialists name different factors. For example, Yigiter (1988) distinguishes three factors which have influence on language learning. These factors include the role of teacher, the leaner and his position, and the learning method.   Collier (1988) named leaner’s cognitive style, progress in native language acquisition and social and economic situation as the most influencing factors.The age of learning is one of the most important factors in the process of second language learning. A lot of specialists believe that it has extremely important influence on the results of the study.CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESES  Lenneberg (1967), one of the pioneers of the researches in the field of second language acquisition, expresses the   idea that there is a certain period of language learning which should be considered by teachers and educators. His ideas got name Critical Period Hypotheses in language acquisition and expressed a thought that there is a period during w hich language acquisition is easy and natural. The Critical Period Hypothesis can be defined as â€Å"the period during which a child can acquire language easily, rapidly, perfectly, and without instruction† (Richards Schmidt, 2002, p.145). During this period leaning process goes more successfully and the learners are more likely to achieve good results. This is explained by the fact that learning language is an innate characteristic peculiar to all human beings. It is regulated by the biological factors and they determine the certain period when acquisition is the most effective.   This period lasts from two years to puberty. Starting from the age of two human brain becomes ready to acquire new things and to create new connections and correlations between things and objects. As Lenneberg (1967)   states in his famous book Biological Foundations of Language at the age of two or three years the period when the language can be acquired easier than in other time of life. Th is period lasts till the age of puberty. During this period language acquisition gives the best results and this is explained by the peculiarities of human brain.   So   according to this hypothesis during certain period of time human brain is naturally inclined to learn.This process lasts during childhood and youth and declines after puberty. Despite the fact that Lenneberg (1967)   himself names different time limits to this period, he still traces strong correlation between human activity and puberty. According to him after the period of puberty language abilities quickly become worse and the process of leaning becomes less effective. After puberty the functioning of brain changes in such a way that basic skill which are necessary for the successful language acquisition decline.   Ã‚  During this period learners show the best results in second language acquisition.   Lenneberg explains the duration of this period from biological point of view and uses the notion of late ralization. Lenneberg believes that language function is an innate characteristic of human brain and the process of language acquisition is not the process of learning new things but rather the process of the activation of the function which already exists.Lenneberg presupposes that during the childhood and early youth the right hemisphere takes part in the process of learning language. According to him, in the beginning both hemispheres take part in the process and it has got the name lateralization. Lateralization is a process when two sides of the brain develop special function. With the flow of time right hemisphere loses its language function and it passes totally to the left one.  Ã‚   As soon as this process is over, language acquisition become more difficult. Lateralization is usually finished by the age of puberty. So, after the age of puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult. Lenneberg made different research and spend much time to investigate the critical per iod of successful language learning. He compared pronunciation of people who started learning language before the puberty period and after it and came to the conclusion that people who start learning language later than puberty period can not acquire the right accent in contrast to children and teenagers who start second learning acquisition before puberty and speak with little accent or without accent at all. These argument are also supported by the study performed by Fathman (1975)   and Williams(1979).   Fathman summed up his research in the work called The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, Language Learning, and Williams in the article called The Modification of Speech Perception and Production in Second Language Learning. After several years of study of pronunciation they came to the conclusion that younger students were more likely to adapt the pronunciation of the language acquired while the older ones were more likely to speak with an accen t. These researches prove again the findings of Lenneberg about the critical period hypothesis. Later researchers have also proved his ideas about brain activity and connections between left and right hemispheres. Critical Period Hypothesis is an important notion in the study of   the influence of age on second language acquisition. Despite the fact Lenneberg made his investigation a lot of years ago his ideas are still up to date and most of them are useful nowadays. Knowledge about Critical Period can become a powerful tool for teaches of the second foreign language and for those who wants to acquire it. The functioning of brain and the structure of human psychics definitely have an extremely important influence on the process of language study and this knowledge can increase teaching results to a great extent.OLDER LEARNERS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONA lot of researches started taking for granted Lenneberg’s studies about age limitation (12-13 years) in the second la nguage acquisition. However, still there are researches (Singleton) which show that older learners are also successful in the second language and able to reach the same level or even higher as the young learners do. Singleton states that language capacity of some immigrants improves with time. He refers to Ervin-Tripp which took place in 1974 as an example: â€Å"Ervin-Tripp conducted of 31 young English speaking children who had been exposed to French for a period that spanned nine months. The results of Ervin-Tripp’s research showed that the older students outperformed the younger learners in every field of the learning process† (Singleton, 2004, p.184). He also gives another example of Dutch learners who started learning English in the classroom after the age of twelve. These learners were able to gain native-like accent (Singleton, 2004).   However, these are single cases and more exceptions from the rule and even Singleton himself states that for the long run yo ung learners are able to reach more language proficiency than those who started learning the second language after twelve.Krashen (1979) also investigates this subject and presents short- and long-term results in the second language acquisition among children and adults. His conclusions are the following: adults and older children come through stages of morphological and syntactic development quicker than children, but early start or second language learning usually guarantees higher general language proficiency with the flow of time.STAGES of SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONThe process of Second Language Acquisition consitsts of 5 stages. Haynes (2007) marks out the following stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency and Advanced Fluency. The Preproduction stage is also called â€Å"the silent stage† and the learner’s vocabulary is up to 500 words at this period. At the Early Production stage the learner’s vocabulary grows up to 1000 words and he/she is already able to build up simple phrases and use short language forms. At the stage of Speech Emergency the vocabulary is about 3000 words and the learner builds simple phrases and sentences here. The stage of Intermediate Fluency presumes the vocabulary of about 6000 words and at this stage the learner is able to make more complex sentences and his/her comprehension of the second language is great. The last stage called Advanced Fluency can be compared with almost native speaker’s language abilities, however, it takes time to achieve it – around 5-10 years in average (Haynes, 2007).Halgunseth (2009), a SLA researcher, states that children can learn the second language in two ways: simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous learners are children under three who learn their mother tongue at home and acquire the second language in the kindergarten or other close surrounding. Young children from multi-language families also learn two or even mor e languages simultaneously: mum speaks German, for example, and dad speaks English. The child makes no difference between the languages and does not choose the favourite one. He/she subconsciously knows what language to use with a particular member of the family and does not mix them up. Children’s brain allows them to learn more than one language. If children hear two different languages, they construct two different language systems in their brain. Each system corresponds to the one language. The construction of such systems reminds the process of language acquisition which occurs when the person stats learning not native language.   (Halgunseth 2009). If one language is more frequently used in the family and prevails over the second one, with time the child feels it and declines   it. The frequency of the language usage may also depend on the time spent with the member who speaks the particular language.The sequent learning presumes the usage of one language as the mot her tongue (the main language) and introduction of the second language at extra classes or language school, for example.   Halgunseth (2009)   insists that the age factor is crucial for the simultaneous learning, while it is not so important for the sequent learning. The factors which influence the sequent learning are motivation and language capacity.CONCLUSIONIt is generally believed that younger learners are more successfully in mastering the second language. A lot of specialists believe that the younger the learner is, the easier the study process goes. In reality the relationship between and success in learning second language is complex . From the one side Critical Period Hypothesis theory states that early age is the best age for language acquisition, from the other side mystery in native language contributes greatly to the successful acquisition of the second language. There are specialists who doubt The Critical Period Hypothesis and state that older learners show bette r results than the younger ones. For example, David Singleton (2003) expressed an idea that â€Å"younger learners to do better in the long run in the matter of second language lexical acquisition is no more than a tendency† (p. 22). In addition, other factors have also a very strong impact on language acquisition. A lot of authors state that surrounding and social factors have a very important impact on the study success. For example, if the person learns language in the class during lessons, his result will be different from the person’s results person who lives in the language environment and has an opportunity to hear the target language all the time. In addition, some specialists believe that older learners have better language competency and have better abilities for problem solving and thus can achieve better results in language acquisition. Different aspects of language are perceived differently by different age categories. Early learners show better results in learning pronunciation, while older students acquire grammar and syntax better. Language capacity is another factor which has an important impact on second language acquisition. Some people have natural ability to language study while others do not and these tendencies are only reinforced by age factors.